US2022340599A1PendingUtilityA1

Ampk activators

70
Assignee: KALLYOPE INCPriority: Jun 26, 2020Filed: Jun 22, 2022Published: Oct 27, 2022
Est. expiryJun 26, 2040(~14 yrs left)· nominal 20-yr term from priority
C07F 9/6561A61P 1/00C07D 519/00A61P 3/10C07D 493/04
70
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Claims

Abstract

This disclosure is directed, at least in part, to AMPK activators useful for the treatment of conditions or disorders associated with AMPK. In some embodiments, the condition or disorder is associated with the gut-brain axis. In some embodiments, condition or disorder is associated with systemic infection and inflammation from having a leaky gut barrier. In some embodiments, the AMPK activators are gut-restricted compounds. In some embodiments, the AMPK activators are agonists, super agonists, full agonists, or partial agonists.

Claims

exact text as granted — not AI-modified
What is claimed is: 
     
         1 . A compound of Formula (III): 
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or prodrug thereof, wherein: 
         X is —O— or —S—; 
         Y is N or CH; 
         G is monocyclic 3- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl containing 1 oxygen atom, which is substituted with 1 or 2 substituents selected from —C(O)OH, —CH 2 C(O)OH, —P(O)(Me)OH, —P(O)(OH) 2 , —S(O) 2 OH, —OH, and —CH 2 OH; 
         or G is bicyclic 8- to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl containing 2 oxygen atoms, which is substituted with 1 or 2 substituents selected from —C(O)OH, —CH 2 C(O)OH, —P(O)(Me)OH, —P(O)(OH) 2 , —S(O) 2 OH, —OH, and —CH 2 OH; 
         D is K or —Z—NR 5 R 6 ; 
         Z is —(CH 2 )—, —(CH(CH 3 ))—, —C(═O)—, or —S(═O) 2 —; 
         K is —SO 2 OH, —S(O)OH, —P(O)(OH)(R d ), —P(O)(OH)(OR d ), —CH 2 P(O)(OH)(OR d ), —B(OR d )(OH), —NHC(O)H, —N(R d )C(O)NHSO 2 (R d ), —C(O)NHSO 2 (R d ), —SO 2 NHC(O)(R d ), —NHC(O)NH(R d ), —N(R d )C(═N(R d ))N(R d ) 2 , —N(R d )C(═NH)NHC(═NH)NH 2 , 
       
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         R a  and R b  are each independently halogen, —CN, —OH, —OR 13 , —NR 14 R 14 , —C(O)OR 14 , —C(O)NR 14 R 14 , C 1 -C 6  alkyl, or C 1 -C 6  fluoroalkyl; 
         each R d  is independently hydrogen or C 1-6  alkyl; 
         each R e  is independently C 1-6  alkyl; 
         each R 2  is independently halogen, —CN, C 1 -C 4  alkyl, C 1 -C 4  fluoroalkyl, or C 3 -C 6  cycloalkyl; 
         R 5  is C 6 -C 10  alkyl that is substituted by 5 to 9 —OH groups; 
         or R 5  is C 1-10  alkyl which is substituted by 1-6 groups selected from —N(R e ) 3   +  and K; or with 2-6 groups selected from —CO 2 H, —OH, and —N(R d ) 2 ; and is optionally further substituted by 1, 2, or 3 R groups; 
         each R f  is independently halogen, —CN, —OH, —OR 13 , —NR 14 R 14 , —C(O)OR 14 , —C(O)NR 14 R 14 , —NR 14 C(O)R 14 , —NR 14 C(O)NR 14 R 14 , C 1 -C 6  alkyl, C 3 -C 6  cycloalkyl, or phenyl, wherein the alkyl, cycloalkyl, or phenyl, is unsubstituted or substituted by 1, 2, or 3 halogen or —OH groups; 
         or R 5  is —[(C(R d ) 2 ) s —V] t —R 9 ; wherein each V is independently —C(R d ) 2 O—, —C(R d ) 2 NR d —, —N(R d )—C(O)—N(R d )—, or —C(O)N(R d )—; 
         or R 5  is —(C 1 -C 6  alkylene)-aryl, or —(C 1 -C 6  alkylene)-heteroaryl; wherein the aryl or heteroaryl is substituted by 1-6 groups selected from —CO 2 H, —OH, —N(R d ) 2 , —N(R e ) 3   + , and K; and wherein the alkylene is unsubstituted or substituted by 1, 2, or 3 R f  groups; 
         R 6  is hydrogen or C 1-6  alkyl; 
         or R 5  and R 6  are taken together with the nitrogen to which they are attached to form a 3- to 6-membered N-heterocycloalkyl which is unsubstituted or substituted with 1-6 groups selected from —CH 3 , —CH 2 OH, —CH 2 NH 2 , —CH 2 CH 2 OH, —CH 2 OCH 2 CH 2 OH, —N(R e ) 3   + , and K; or with 2-6 groups selected from —CO 2 H, —OH, —CH 2 OH, —CH 2 NH 2 , —CH 2 CH 2 OH, —CH 2 OCH 2 CH 2 OH, and —N(R d ) 2 ; 
         R 9  is hydrogen, C 1-8 alkyl, phenyl, or naphthyl, wherein the alkyl, phenyl, or naphthyl is unsubstituted or substituted by 1-6 groups selected from —OH, —CO 2 H, —N(R e ) 2 , —N(R e ) 3   + , and K; 
         each R 13  is independently C 1 -C 6  alkyl, C 2 -C 6  alkenyl, C 2 -C 6  alkynyl, C 1 -C 6  fluoroalkyl, C 3 -C 6  cycloalkyl, 3- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl, phenyl, or monocyclic heteroaryl; and 
         each R 14  is independently hydrogen, C 1 -C 6  alkyl, C 2 -C 6  alkenyl, C 2 -C 6  alkynyl, C 1 -C 6  fluoroalkyl, C 3 -C 6  cycloalkyl, 3- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl, phenyl, or monocyclic heteroaryl; 
         or two R 14  on the same nitrogen atom are taken together with the nitrogen to which they are attached to form a 3- to 6-membered N-heterocycloalkyl; 
         p is 0 or 1; 
         q is 0 or 1; 
         each s is independently 1-6; and 
         each t is independently 1-6. 
       
     
     
         2 . The compound of  claim 1 , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or prodrug thereof, wherein:
 R 2  is —F, —Cl, or —CN;   R a  is —F, —Cl, —CN, —OH, —OCH 3 , —OCF 3 , methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, i-butyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, —CH 2 F, —CHF 2 , or —CF 3 ; and   R b  is —F, —Cl, —CN, —OH, —OCH 3 , —OCF 3 , methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, i-butyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, —CH 2 F, —CHF 2 , or —CF 3 .   
     
     
         3 . The compound of  claim 1 , having the structure of Formula (IV): 
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or prodrug thereof. 
       
     
     
         4 . The compound of any one of  claims 1 - 3 , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or prodrug thereof, wherein:
 X is —O—.   
     
     
         5 . The compound of any one of  claims 1 - 4 , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or prodrug thereof, wherein:
 G is monocyclic 3- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl containing 1 oxygen atom, which is substituted with 1 or 2 substituents selected from —C(O)OH, —CH 2 C(O)OH, —P(O)(Me)OH, —P(O)(OH) 2 , —S(O) 2 OH, —OH, and —CH 2 OH.   
     
     
         6 . The compound of any one of  claims 1 - 4 , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or prodrug thereof, wherein:
 G is bicyclic 8- to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl containing 2 oxygen atoms, which is substituted with 1 or 2 substituents selected from —C(O)OH, —CH 2 C(O)OH, —P(O)(Me)OH, —P(O)(OH) 2 , —S(O) 2 OH, —OH, and —CH 2 OH.   
     
     
         7 . The compound of any one of  claims 1 - 3 , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or prodrug thereof, wherein:
 —X-G is selected from:   
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
       
     
     
         8 . The compound of any one of  claims 1 - 7 , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or prodrug thereof, wherein:
 Y is N.   
     
     
         9 . The compound of any one of  claims 1 - 7 , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or prodrug thereof, wherein:
 Y is CH.   
     
     
         10 . The compound of any one of  claims 1 - 9 , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or prodrug thereof, wherein:
 D is K; and   K is —SO 2 OH, —P(O)(OH)(R d ), —P(O)(OH)(OR d ), —CH 2 P(O)(OH)(OR d ), —C(O)NHSO 2 (R d ), or —SO 2 NHC(O)(R d ).   
     
     
         11 . The compound of any one of  claims 1 - 9 , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or prodrug thereof, wherein:
 D is —Z—NR 5 R 6 .   
     
     
         12 . The compound of  claim 11 , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or prodrug thereof, wherein:
 Z is —(CH 2 )—, —C(═O)—, or —S(═O) 2 —.   
     
     
         13 . The compound of  claim 11  or  claim 12 , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or prodrug thereof, wherein:
 R 5  is C 6 -C 10  alkyl that is substituted by 5 to 9 —OH groups. 
 
     
     
         14 . The compound of  claim 11  or  claim 12 , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or prodrug thereof, wherein:
 R 5  is C 1-10  alkyl which is substituted by 1-6 groups selected from —N(R e ) 3   +  and K; or with 2-6 groups selected from —CO 2 H, —OH, and —N(R d ) 2 ; and is optionally further substituted by 1, 2, or 3 R f  groups; and 
 each R f  is independently halogen, —CN, —OH, —OR 13 , —NR 14 R 14 , —C(O)OR 14 , —C(O)NR 14 R 14 , —NR 14 C(O)R 14 , —NR 14 C(O)NR 14 R 14 , C 1 -C 6  alkyl, C 3 -C 6  cycloalkyl, or phenyl, wherein the alkyl, cycloalkyl, or phenyl, is unsubstituted or substituted by 1, 2, or 3 halogen or —OH groups. 
 
     
     
         15 . The compound of  claim 11  or  claim 12 , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or prodrug thereof, wherein:
 R 5  is —[(C(R d ) 2 ) s —V] t —R 9 ; wherein each V is independently —C(R d ) 2 O—, —C(R d ) 2 NR d —, —N(R d )—C(O)—N(R d )—, or —C(O)N(R d )—; 
 each R d  is independently hydrogen or C 1-6  alkyl; 
 R 6  is hydrogen or C 1-6  alkyl; and 
 R 9  is hydrogen, C 1-8 alkyl, phenyl, or naphthyl, wherein the alkyl, phenyl, or naphthyl is unsubstituted or substituted by 1-6 groups selected from —OH, —CO 2 H, —N(R e ) 2 , —N(R e ) 3   + , and K. 
 
     
     
         16 . The compound of  claim 11  or  claim 12 , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or prodrug thereof, wherein:
 R 5  and R 6  are taken together with the nitrogen to which they are attached to form a 3- to 6-membered N-heterocycloalkyl which is unsubstituted or substituted with 1-6 groups selected from —CH 3 , —CH 2 OH, —CH 2 NH 2 , —CH 2 CH 2 OH, —CH 2 OCH 2 CH 2 OH, —N(R e ) 3   + , and K; or with 2-6 groups selected from —CO 2 H, —OH, —CH 2 OH, —CH 2 NH 2 , —CH 2 CH 2 OH, —CH 2 OCH 2 CH 2 OH, and —N(R d ) 2 . 
 
     
     
         17 . The compound of  claim 11  or  claim 12 , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or prodrug thereof, wherein:
 R 5  and R 6  are taken together with the nitrogen to which they are attached to form a 4- to 6-membered N-heterocycloalkyl which is substituted with 2-4 groups selected from —OH and —CH 2 OH. 
 
     
     
         18 . The compound of  claim 11  or  claim 12 , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or prodrug thereof, wherein:
 R 5  is C 6 -C 10  alkyl that is substituted by 5 to 9 —OH groups; 
 or R 5  is C 1-10  alkyl which is substituted by 1-6 groups selected from —N(R e ) 3   +  and K; or with 2-6 groups selected from —CO 2 H, —OH, and —N(R d ) 2 ; and is optionally further substituted by 1, 2, or 3 R groups. 
 
     
     
         19 . The compound of any one of  claims 11 - 18 , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or prodrug thereof, wherein:
 K is —SO 2 OH, —P(O)(OH)(R d ), —P(O)(OH)(OR d ), —CH 2 P(O)(OH)(OR d ), —C(O)NHSO 2 (R d ), or —SO 2 NHC(O)(R d ).   
     
     
         20 . The compound of any one of  claims 10 - 19 , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or prodrug thereof, wherein:
 K is —SO 2 OH, —P(O)(OH) 2 , —CH 2 P(O)(OH) 2 , —P(O)(OH)(Me), —P(O)(OH)(H), or —P(O)(OH)(OMe).   
     
     
         21 . The compound of any one of  claims 10 - 20 , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or prodrug thereof, wherein:
 K is —SO 2 OH or —P(O)(OH) 2 .   
     
     
         22 . The compound of any one of  claims 1 - 9 , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or prodrug thereof, wherein:
 D is   
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
       
     
     
         23 . A compound of Formula (I): 
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or prodrug thereof, wherein: 
         X is —O—, —S—, —NR 3 —, —C(O)—, —C(O)O—**, —C(O)NR 3 —**, —NR 3 C(O)—**, —SO 2 —, or —SO 2 NR 3 —**; wherein ** indicates the attachment point to G; 
         Y is N, CH, or CR 2 ; 
         G is C 1 -C 5  alkyl, —(CH 2 ) j —(C 3 -C 10  cycloalkyl), —(CH 2 ) j —(C 4-10  cycloalkenyl), —(CH 2 ) j -(aryl), —(CH 2 ) j -(heteroaryl), —(CH 2 ) j -(3- to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl), or —(CH 2 ) j -(5- to 10-membered heterocycloalkenyl), which is substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents selected from —(CH 2 ) h —C(O)OR 7 , —(CH 2 ) h —P(O)(R 7 )OR 7 , —(CH 2 ) h —P(O)(OR 7 ) 2 , —(CH 2 ) h —S(O) 2 OR 7 , -and —(CH 2 ) h OH; and is further optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents selected from C 1 -C 6  alkyl, C 3 -C 6  cycloalkyl, C 1 -C 6  hydroxyalkyl, C 1 -C 6  fluoroalkyl, —O—(C 1 -C 6  alkyl), ═O and ═S; 
       
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         is aryl, heteroaryl, —C≡C—, or absent; wherein if 
       
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         is —C≡C— or absent, then p is 0; 
       
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         is aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, C 5-10  cycloalkenyl, or 5- to 10-membered heterocycloalkenyl; 
         D is K, —Z—NR 5 R 6 , or R c ; 
         Z is —(CH 2 ) r —, —(CH(CH 3 ))—, *—(CH 2 ) r —C(═O)—, or *—(CH 2 ) r —S(═O) 2 —, where * represents attachment to 
       
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         K is —SO 2 OH, —S(O)OH, —P(O)(OH)(R d ), —P(O)(OH)(OR d ), —CH 2 P(O)(OH)(OR d ), —B(OR d )(OH), —NHC(O)H, —N(R d )C(O)NHSO 2 (R d ), —C(O)NHSO 2 (R d ), —SO 2 NHC(O)(R d ), —NHC(O)NH(R d ), —N(R d )C(═N(R d ))N(R d ) 2 , —N(R d )C(═NH)NHC(═NH)NH 2 , 
       
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         each R a  and R b  is independently halogen, —CN, —OH, —OR 13 , —NR 14 R 14 , —C(O)R 13 , —C(O)OR 14 , —OC(O)R 13 , —C(O)NR 14 R 14 , —NR 14 C(O)R 14 , —NR 14 C(O)NR 14 R 14 , —OC(O)NR 14 R 14 , —NR 14 C(O)OR 14 , —OC(O)OR 14 , C 1 -C 6  alkyl, C 2 -C 6  alkenyl, C 2 -C 6  alkynyl, C 3 -C 6  cycloalkyl, 4- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl, phenyl, or monocyclic heteroaryl, wherein the alkyl, alkenyl, akynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, phenyl, or heteroaryl are unsubstituted or substituted by 1, 2, or 3 halogen or —OH groups; 
         R c  is C 1-10  alkyl, C 2-10  alkenyl, C 2-10  alkynyl, C 3-10  cycloalkyl, C 1-10  alkoxyl, or —[(C(R d ) 2 ) s —V] t —R 9 ; wherein each V is independently —C(R d ) 2 O—, —C(R d ) 2 NR d —, —C(R d ) 2 N + (R d ) 2 —, —N(R d )—C(O)—N(R d )—, —C(O)N(R d )—, —C(R d ) 2 SO 2 —, or —C(R d ) 2 S(O)—; and wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, and alkoxyl is substituted by 1-6 groups selected from —N(R e ) 3   + , K, and —Z—NR 5 R 6 ; or wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, and alkoxyl is substituted by 2-6 groups selected from —CO 2 H, —OH, and —N(R d ) 2 ; 
         each R d  is independently hydrogen, C 1-6  alkyl or C 3-6  cycloalkyl; wherein the alkyl and cycloalkyl are unsubstituted or substituted by 1-3 halogen or —OH groups; 
         each R e  is independently C 1-6  alkyl or C 3-6  cycloalkyl; wherein the alkyl and cycloalkyl are unsubstituted or substituted by 1-3 halogen or —OH groups; 
         R 1  is hydrogen or C 1 -C 4  alkyl; 
         each R 2  is independently halogen, —CN, C 1 -C 4  alkyl, C 1 -C 4  fluoroalkyl, or C 3 -C 6  cycloalkyl; 
         R 3  is hydrogen or C 1 -C 4  alkyl; 
         R 5  is C 6 -C 10  alkyl that is substituted by 5 to 9 —OH groups; 
         or R 5  is C 1-10  alkyl, C 2-10  alkenyl, C 2-10  alkynyl, C 3-10  cycloalkyl, C 5-10  cycloalkenyl, 3- to 8-membered heterocycloalkyl, or 5- to 10-membered heterocycloalkenyl; wherein the alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, heterocycloalkyl, or heterocycloalkenyl is substituted by 1-6 groups selected from —N(R e ) 3   +  and K; or wherein the alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, heterocycloalkyl, or heterocycloalkenyl is substituted by 2-6 groups selected from —CO 2 H, —OH, and —N(R d ) 2 ; and wherein the alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, heterocycloalkyl, or heterocycloalkenyl is optionally further substituted by 1, 2, or 3 R f  groups; 
         each R f  is independently halogen, —CN, —OH, —OR 13 , —NR 14 R 14 , —C(O)R 13 , —C(O)OR 14 , —OC(O)R 13 , —C(O)NR 14 R 14 , —NR 14 C(O)R 14 , —NR 14 C(O)NR 14 R 14 , —OC(O)NR 14 R 14 , —NR 14 C(O)OR 14 , —OC(O)OR 14 , C 1 -C 6  alkyl, C 2 -C 6  alkenyl, C 2 -C 6  alkynyl, C 3 -C 6  cycloalkyl, 4- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl, phenyl, or monocyclic heteroaryl, wherein the alkyl, alkenyl, akynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, phenyl, or heteroaryl are unsubstituted or substituted by 1, 2, or 3 halogen or —OH groups; 
         or R 5  is —[(C(R d ) 2 ) s —V] t —R 9 ; wherein each V is independently —C(R d ) 2 O—, —C(R d ) 2 NR d —, —C(R d ) 2 N + (R d ) 2 —, —N(R d )—C(O)—N(R d )—, —C(O)N(R d )—, —C(R d ) 2 SO 2 —, or —C(R d ) 2 S(O)—; 
         or R 5  is —(C 1 -C 6  alkylene)-aryl, or —(C 1 -C 6  alkylene)-heteroaryl; wherein the aryl or heteroaryl is substituted by 1-6 groups selected from —CO 2 H, —OH, —N(R d ) 2 , —N(R e ) 3   + , and K; and wherein the alkylene is unsubstituted or substituted by 1, 2, or 3 R f  groups; 
         R 6  is hydrogen, C 1-6  alkyl, or C 3-6  cycloalkyl; wherein the alkyl and cycloalkyl are unsubstituted or substituted by 1-3 groups independently selected from halogen, —CN, —OH, —OR 13 , —NR 14 R 14 , —C(O)R 13 , —C(O)OR 14 , —OC(O)R 13 , —C(O)NR 14 R 14 , —NR 14 C(O)R 14 , —NR 14 C(O)NR 14 R 14 , —OC(O)NR 14 R 14 , —NR 14 C(O)OR 14 , —OC(O)OR 14 , or —P(O)(OR 14 ) 2 ; 
         or R 5  and R 6  are taken together with the nitrogen to which they are attached to form a 3- to 6-membered N-heterocycloalkyl which is unsubstituted or substituted with 1-6 groups selected from —CH 3 , —CH 2 OH, —CH 2 NH 2 , —CH 2 CH 2 OH, —CH 2 OCH 2 CH 2 OH, —N(R e ) 3   + , and K; or with 2-6 groups selected from —CO 2 H, —OH, —CH 2 OH, —CH 2 NH 2 , —CH 2 CH 2 OH, —CH 2 OCH 2 CH 2 OH, and —N(R d ) 2 ; 
         each R 7  is independently hydrogen or C 1 -C 4  alkyl; 
         R 9  is hydrogen, C 1-8 alkyl, C 2-8  alkenyl, C 2-8  alkynyl, C 3-8  cycloalkyl, C 5-8  cycloalkenyl, 3- to 8-membered heterocycloalkyl, phenyl, naphthyl, monocyclic heteroaryl, or bicyclic heteroaryl, wherein the alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, heterocycloalkyl phenyl, naphthyl, monocyclic heteroaryl, or bicyclic heteroaryl is unsubstituted or substituted by 1-6 groups selected from —OH, —CO 2 H, —N(R e ) 2 , —N(R e ) 3   + , and K; 
         each R 13  is independently C 1 -C 6  alkyl, C 2 -C 6  alkenyl, C 2 -C 6  alkynyl, C 1 -C 6  fluoroalkyl, C 3 -C 6  cycloalkyl, 3- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl, phenyl, or monocyclic heteroaryl; and 
         each R 14  is independently hydrogen, C 1 -C 6  alkyl, C 2 -C 6  alkenyl, C 2 -C 6  alkynyl, C 1 -C 6  fluoroalkyl, C 3 -C 6  cycloalkyl, 3- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl, phenyl, or monocyclic heteroaryl; 
         or two R 14  on the same nitrogen atom are taken together with the nitrogen to which they are attached to form a 3- to 6-membered N-heterocycloalkyl; 
         each h is independently 0-4; 
         j is 0-4; 
         n is 0-2; 
         p is 0-3; 
         q is 0-3; 
         r is 0-3; 
         each s is independently 1-6; and 
         each t is independently 1-6. 
       
     
     
         24 . The compound of  claim 23 , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or prodrug thereof, wherein:
 Y is N or CH;   R 1  is hydrogen or methyl; and   each R 2  is independently —F, —Cl, —CN, methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, or —CF 3 .   
     
     
         25 . The compound of  claim 23  or  claim 24 , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or prodrug thereof, wherein:
 Y is N; 
 R 1  is hydrogen; 
 R 2  is —F, —Cl, or —CN; and 
 n is 1. 
 
     
     
         26 . The compound of any one of  claims 23 - 25 , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or prodrug thereof, wherein: 
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         is aryl or heteroaryl; and 
       
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         is aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, C 5-10  cycloalkenyl, or 5- to 10-membered heterocycloalkenyl. 
       
     
     
         27 . The compound of  claim 26 , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or prodrug thereof, wherein: 
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         is phenyl or 5- or 6-membered monocyclic heteroaryl; and 
       
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         is phenyl, 5- or 6-membered monocyclic heteroaryl, C 3 -C 6  cycloalkyl, 3- to 8-membered heterocycloalkyl, or 5- to 10-membered heterocycloalkenyl. 
       
     
     
         28 . The compound of  claim 23 , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or prodrug thereof, having the structure of Formula (II): 
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or prodrug thereof, wherein: 
       
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         is phenyl, C 3 -C 6  cycloalkyl, 3- to 8-membered heterocycloalkyl, or 5- to 10-membered bicyclic heterocycloalkenyl. 
       
     
     
         29 . The compound of  claim 23 , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or prodrug thereof, having the structure of Formula (III): 
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or prodrug thereof. 
       
     
     
         30 . The compound of any one of  claims 23 - 29 , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or prodrug thereof, wherein:
 each R a  and R b  is independently halogen, —CN, —OH, —OR 13 , —NR 14 R 14 , —C(O)OR 14 , —C(O)NR 14 R 14 , C 1 -C 6  alkyl, or C 1 -C 6  fluoroalkyl;   p is 0 or 1; and   q is 0 or 1.   
     
     
         31 . The compound of any one of  claims 23 - 29 , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or prodrug thereof, wherein:
 p is 0; and q is 0.   
     
     
         32 . The compound of  claim 23 , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or prodrug thereof, having the structure of Formula (IV): 
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or prodrug thereof. 
       
     
     
         33 . The compound of any one of  claims 23 - 32 , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or prodrug thereof, wherein:
 X is —O—, —S—, —NR 3 —, —C(O)NR 3 —**, —NR 3 C(O)—**, or —SO 2 NR 3 —**; wherein ** indicates the attachment point to G; and   R 3  is hydrogen or methyl.   
     
     
         34 . The compound of any one of  claims 23 - 33 , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or prodrug thereof, wherein:
 X is —O— or —S—.   
     
     
         35 . The compound of any one of  claims 23 - 34 , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or prodrug thereof, wherein:
 X is —O—.   
     
     
         36 . The compound of any one of  claims 23 - 35 , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or prodrug thereof, wherein:
 G is C 1 -C 5  alkyl, C 3 -C 10  cycloalkyl, —CH 2 —(C 3 -C 10  cycloalkyl), aryl, 3- to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl, or 5- to 10-membered heterocycloalkenyl, which is substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents selected from —(CH 2 ) h —C(O)OR 7 , —(CH 2 ) h —P(O)(R 7 )OR 7 , —(CH 2 ) h —P(O)(OR 7 ) 2 , —(CH 2 ) h —S(O) 2 OR 7 , -and —(CH 2 ) h OH; and is further optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents selected from C 1 -C 6  alkyl, C 3 -C 6  cycloalkyl, C 1 -C 6  hydroxyalkyl, C 1 -C 6  fluoroalkyl, and —O—(C 1 -C 6  alkyl);   each R 7  is independently hydrogen, methyl, or ethyl; and   h is 0-1.   
     
     
         37 . The compound of any one of  claims 23 - 36 , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or prodrug thereof, wherein:
 G is C 1 -C 5  alkyl, C 3 -C 10  cycloalkyl, —CH 2 —(C 3 -C 10  cycloalkyl), aryl, 3- to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl, or 5- to 10-membered heterocycloalkenyl, which is substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents selected from —C(O)OH, —CH 2 C(O)OH, —P(O)(Me)OH, —P(O)(OH) 2 , —S(O) 2 OH, —OH, and —CH 2 OH; and is further optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents selected from C 1 -C 6  alkyl, C 3 -C 6  cycloalkyl, C 1 -C 6  hydroxyalkyl, C 1 -C 6  fluoroalkyl, and —O—(C 1 -C 6  alkyl).   
     
     
         38 . The compound of  claim 37 , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or prodrug thereof, wherein:
 G is 3- to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl, which is substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents selected from —C(O)OH, —CH 2 C(O)OH, —P(O)(Me)OH, —P(O)(OH) 2 , —S(O) 2 OH, —OH, and —CH 2 OH.   
     
     
         39 . The compound of  claim 38 , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or prodrug thereof, wherein:
 G is monocyclic 3- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl containing 1 oxygen atom, which is substituted with 1 or 2 substituents selected from —C(O)OH, —CH 2 C(O)OH, —P(O)(Me)OH, —P(O)(OH) 2 , —S(O) 2 OH, —OH, and —CH 2 OH.   
     
     
         40 . The compound of  claim 38 , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or prodrug thereof, wherein:
 G is bicyclic 8- to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl containing 2 oxygen atoms, which is substituted with 1 or 2 substituents selected from —C(O)OH, —CH 2 C(O)OH, —P(O)(Me)OH, —P(O)(OH) 2 , —S(O) 2 OH, —OH, and —CH 2 OH.   
     
     
         41 . The compound of  claim 37 , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or prodrug thereof, wherein:
 G is C 1 -C 5  alkyl, C 3 -C 6  cycloalkyl, —CH 2 —(C 3 -C 6  cycloalkyl), or phenyl, which is substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents selected from —C(O)OH, —CH 2 C(O)OH, —P(O)(Me)OH, —P(O)(OH) 2 , —S(O) 2 OH, —OH, and —CH 2 OH; and is further optionally substituted with 1 or 2 substituents selected from C 1 -C 6  alkyl, C 3 -C 6  cycloalkyl, and C 1 -C 6  hydroxyalkyl.   
     
     
         42 . The compound of any one of  claims 23 - 32 , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or prodrug thereof, wherein:
 X-G is selected from:   
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
       
     
     
         43 . The compound of any one of  claims 23 - 42 , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or prodrug thereof, wherein:
 D is K or —Z—NR 5 R 6 .   
     
     
         44 . The compound of any one of  claims 23 - 43 , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or prodrug thereof, wherein:
 D is K.   
     
     
         45 . The compound of  claim 44 , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or prodrug thereof, wherein:
 K is —SO 2 OH, —P(O)(OH)(R d ), —P(O)(OH)(OR d ), —CH 2 P(O)(OH)(OR d ), —C(O)NHSO 2 (R d ), or —SO 2 NHC(O)(R d ); and   each R d  is independently hydrogen or C 1-6  alkyl.   
     
     
         46 . The compound of  claim 44  or  claim 45 , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or prodrug thereof, wherein:
 K is —SO 2 OH, —P(O)(OH) 2 , —CH 2 P(O)(OH) 2 , —P(O)(OH)(Me), —P(O)(OH)(H), or —P(O)(OH)(OMe). 
 
     
     
         47 . The compound of any one of  claims 23 - 43 , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or prodrug thereof, wherein:
 D is —Z—NR 5 R 6 .   
     
     
         48 . The compound of  claim 47 , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or prodrug thereof, wherein:
 Z is —(CH 2 )—, —(CH(CH 3 ))—, —C(═O)—, or —S(═O) 2 —.   
     
     
         49 . The compound of  claim 47  or  claim 48 , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or prodrug thereof, wherein:
 R 5  is C 6 -C 10  alkyl that is substituted by 5 to 9 —OH groups; and 
 R 6  is hydrogen or C 1-6  alkyl. 
 
     
     
         50 . The compound of  claim 47  or  claim 48 , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or prodrug thereof, wherein:
 R 5  is C 1-10  alkyl which is substituted by 1-6 groups selected from —N(R e ) 3   +  and K; or with 2-6 groups selected from —CO 2 H, —OH, and —N(R d ) 2 ; and is optionally further substituted by 1, 2, or 3 R f  groups; 
 each R f  is independently halogen, —CN, —OH, —OR 13 , —NR 14 R 14 , —C(O)OR 14 , —C(O)NR 14 R 14 , —NR 14 C(O)R 14 , —NR 14 C(O)NR 14 R 14 , C 1 -C 6  alkyl, C 3 -C 6  cycloalkyl, or phenyl, wherein the alkyl, cycloalkyl, or phenyl, is unsubstituted or substituted by 1, 2, or 3 halogen or —OH groups; and 
 R 6  is hydrogen or C 1-6  alkyl, which is unsubstituted or substituted by 1-3 groups independently selected from halogen, —CN, —OH, —OR 13 , —NR 14 R 14 , —C(O)OR 14 , —C(O)NR 14 R 14 , —NR 14 C(O)R 14 , —NR 14 C(O)NR 14 R 14 , or —P(O)(OR 14 ) 2 . 
 
     
     
         51 . The compound of  claim 47  or  claim 48 , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or prodrug thereof, wherein:
 R 5  is —[(C(R d ) 2 ) s —V] t —R 9 ; wherein each V is independently —C(R d ) 2 O—, —C(R d ) 2 NR d —, —N(R d )—C(O)—N(R d )—, or —C(O)N(R d )—; 
 each R d  is independently hydrogen or C 1-6  alkyl; 
 R 6  is hydrogen or C 1-6  alkyl; and 
 R 9  is hydrogen, C 1-8 alkyl, phenyl, or naphthyl, wherein the alkyl, phenyl, or naphthyl is unsubstituted or substituted by 1-6 groups selected from —OH, —CO 2 H, —N(R e ) 2 , —N(R e ) 3   + , and K. 
 
     
     
         52 . The compound of  claim 47  or  claim 48 , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or prodrug thereof, wherein:
 R 5  is —(C 1 -C 6  alkylene)-aryl, or —(C 1 -C 6  alkylene)-heteroaryl; wherein the aryl or heteroaryl is substituted by 1-6 groups selected from —CO 2 H, —OH, —N(R d ) 2 , —N(R e ) 3   + , and K; and wherein the alkylene is unsubstituted or substituted by 1, 2, or 3 R groups; and 
 R 6  is hydrogen or C 1-6  alkyl. 
 
     
     
         53 . The compound of  claim 47  or  claim 48 , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or prodrug thereof, wherein:
 R 5  and R 6  are taken together with the nitrogen to which they are attached to form a 3- to 6-membered N-heterocycloalkyl which is unsubstituted or substituted with 1-6 groups selected from —CH 3 , —CH 2 OH, —CH 2 NH 2 , —CH 2 CH 2 OH, —CH 2 OCH 2 CH 2 OH, —N(R e ) 3   + , and K; or with 2-6 groups selected from —CO 2 H, —OH, —CH 2 OH, —CH 2 NH 2 , —CH 2 CH 2 OH, —CH 2 OCH 2 CH 2 OH, and —N(R d ) 2 . 
 
     
     
         54 . The compound of any one of  claims 47 - 53 , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or prodrug thereof, wherein:
 K is —SO 2 OH, —P(O)(OH)(R d ), —P(O)(OH)(OR d ), —CH 2 P(O)(OH)(OR d ), —C(O)NHSO 2 (R d ), or —SO 2 NHC(O)(R d ); and   each R d  is independently hydrogen or C 1-6  alkyl.   
     
     
         55 . The compound of any one of  claims 31 - 38 , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or prodrug thereof, wherein:
 K is —SO 2 OH, —P(O)(OH) 2 , —CH 2 P(O)(OH) 2 , —P(O)(OH)(Me), —P(O)(OH)(H), or —P(O)(OH)(OMe).   
     
     
         56 . The compound of any one of  claims 23 - 42 , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or prodrug thereof, wherein:
 D is   
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
       
     
     
         57 . The compound of  claim 23 , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or prodrug thereof, having the structure of Formula (V): 
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or prodrug thereof, wherein: 
         R 2  is —F, —Cl, or —CN; 
         X is O or S; 
         G is monocyclic 3- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl containing 1 oxygen atom, which is substituted with 1 or 2 substituents selected from —C(O)OH, —CH 2 C(O)OH, —P(O)(Me)OH, —P(O)(OH) 2 , —S(O) 2 OH, —OH, and —CH 2 OH; 
         or G is bicyclic 8- to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl containing 2 oxygen atoms, which is substituted with 1 or 2 substituents selected from —C(O)OH, —CH 2 C(O)OH, —P(O)(Me)OH, —P(O)(OH) 2 , —S(O) 2 OH, —OH, and —CH 2 OH; 
         D is K or —Z—NR 5 R 6 . 
       
     
     
         58 . The compound of  claim 57 , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or prodrug thereof, wherein:
 D is K;   K is —SO 2 OH, —P(O)(OH)(R d ), —P(O)(OH)(OR d ), —CH 2 P(O)(OH)(OR d ), —C(O)NHSO 2 (R d ), or —SO 2 NHC(O)(R d ); and   each R d  is independently hydrogen or C 1-6  alkyl.   
     
     
         59 . The compound of  claim 57 , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or prodrug thereof, wherein:
 D is —Z—NR 5 R 6 ;   Z is —(CH 2 )—, —(CH(CH 3 ))—, —C(═O)—, or —S(═O) 2 —; and   R 5  is C 6 -C 10  alkyl that is substituted by 5 to 9 —OH groups;   or R 5  is C 1-10  alkyl which is substituted by 1-6 groups selected from —N(R e ) 3   +  and K; or with 2-6 groups selected from —CO 2 H, —OH, and —N(R d ) 2 ; and is optionally further substituted by 1, 2, or 3 R f  groups;   or R 5  is —[(C(R d ) 2 ) s —V] t —R 9 ; wherein each V is independently —C(R d ) 2 O—, —C(R d ) 2 NR d —, —N(R d )—C(O)—N(R d )—, or —C(O)N(R d )—;
 each R d  is independently hydrogen or C 1-6  alkyl; 
 R 9  is hydrogen, C 1-8 alkyl, phenyl, or naphthyl, wherein the alkyl, phenyl, or naphthyl is unsubstituted or substituted by 1-6 groups selected from —OH, —CO 2 H, —N(R e ) 2 , —N(R e ) 3   + , and K; 
   or R 5  is —(C 1 -C 6  alkylene)-aryl, or —(C 1 -C 6  alkylene)-heteroaryl; wherein the aryl or heteroaryl is substituted by 1-6 groups selected from —CO 2 H, —OH, —N(R d ) 2 , —N(R e ) 3   + , and K; and wherein the alkylene is unsubstituted or substituted by 1, 2, or 3 R f  groups;   R 6  is hydrogen or C 1-6  alkyl, which is unsubstituted or substituted by 1-3 groups independently selected from halogen, —CN, —OH, —OR 13 , —NR 14 R 14 , —C(O)OR 14 , —C(O)NR 14 R 14 , —NR 14 C(O)R 14 , —NR 14 C(O)NR 14 R 14 , or —P(O)(OR 14 ) 2 ; and   or R 5  and R 6  are taken together with the nitrogen to which they are attached to form a 4- to 6-membered N-heterocycloalkyl which is unsubstituted or substituted with 1-6 groups selected from —CH 3 , —CH 2 OH, —CH 2 NH 2 , —CH 2 CH 2 OH, —CH 2 OCH 2 CH 2 OH, —N(R e ) 3 ′, and K; or with 2-6 groups selected from —CO 2 H, —OH, —CH 2 OH, —CH 2 NH 2 , —CH 2 CH 2 OH, —CH 2 OCH 2 CH 2 OH, and —N(R d ) 2 ;   each R f  is independently halogen, —CN, —OH, —OR 13 , —NR 14 R 14 , —C(O)OR 14 , —C(O)NR 14 R 14 , —NR 14 C(O)R 14 , —NR 14 C(O)NR 14 R 14 , C 1 -C 6  alkyl, C 3 -C 6  cycloalkyl, or phenyl, wherein the alkyl, cycloalkyl, or phenyl, is unsubstituted or substituted by 1, 2, or 3 halogen or —OH groups.   
     
     
         60 . The compound of  claim 59 , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or prodrug thereof, wherein:
 R 5  is C 6 -C 10  alkyl that is substituted by 5 to 9 —OH groups; and   R 6  is hydrogen or C 1-6  alkyl.   
     
     
         61 . The compound of any  claim 57 , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or prodrug thereof, wherein:
 D is   
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
       
     
     
         62 . A compound selected from:
 1: 4′-(6-chloro-2-(((3R,3aR,6R,6aR)-6-hydroxyhexahydrofuro[3,2-b]furan-3-yl)oxy)-1H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridin-5-yl)-N-((2S,3R,4R,5R)-2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexyl)-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4-carboxamide;   2: (4′-(6-chloro-2-(((3R,3aR,6R,6aR)-6-hydroxyhexahydrofuro[3,2-b]furan-3-yl)oxy)-1H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridin-5-yl)-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4-yl)phosphonic acid;   3: 4′-(6-chloro-2-(((3R,3aR,6R,6aR)-6-hydroxyhexahydrofuro[3,2-b]furan-3-yl)oxy)-1H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridin-5-yl)-N-((2S,3R,4R,5R)-2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexyl)-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4-sulfonamide;   4: (2R,3R,4R,5S)-6-(((4′-(6-chloro-2-(((3R,3aR,6R,6aR)-6-hydroxyhexahydrofuro[3,2-b]furan-3-yl)oxy)-1H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridin-5-yl)-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4-yl)methyl)amino)hexane-1,2,3,4,5-pentaol;   5: 2-(4′-(6-chloro-2-(((3R,3aR,6R,6aR)-6-hydroxyhexahydrofuro[3,2-b]furan-3-yl)oxy)-1H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridin-5-yl)-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4-carboxamido)ethane-1-sulfonic acid;   6: 3-(4′-(6-chloro-2-(((3R,3aR,6R,6aR)-6-hydroxyhexahydrofuro[3,2-b]furan-3-yl)oxy)-1H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridin-5-yl)-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4-carboxamido)propane-1-sulfonic acid;   7: 3-(4′-(6-chloro-2-(((3R,3aR,6R,6aR)-6-hydroxyhexahydrofuro[3,2-b]furan-3-yl)oxy)-1H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridin-5-yl)-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4-carboxamido)-2-(4-chlorophenyl)propane-1-sulfonic acid;   8: 2-(4′-(6-chloro-2-(((3R,3aR,6R,6aR)-6-hydroxyhexahydrofuro[3,2-b]furan-3-yl)oxy)-1H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridin-5-yl)-N-methyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4-carboxamido)ethane-1-sulfonic acid;   9: 2-(N-(2-amino-2-oxoethyl)-4′-(6-chloro-2-(((3R,3aR,6R,6aR)-6-hydroxyhexahydrofuro[3,2-b]furan-3-yl)oxy)-1H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridin-5-yl)-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4-carboxamido)ethane-1-sulfonic acid;   10: 5-((2-(4′-(6-chloro-2-(((3R,3aR,6R,6aR)-6-hydroxyhexahydrofuro[3,2-b]furan-3-yl)oxy)-1H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridin-5-yl)-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4-carboxamido)ethyl)amino)naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid;   11: 4-(2-(4′-(6-chloro-2-(((3R,3aR,6R,6aR)-6-hydroxyhexahydrofuro[3,2-b]furan-3-yl)oxy)-1H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridin-5-yl)-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4-carboxamido)ethyl)benzenesulfonic acid;   12: (4′-(6-chloro-2-(((3R,5S,6R)-5-hydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3-yl)oxy)-1H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridin-5-yl)-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4-yl)phosphonic acid;   13: (2-(4′-(6-chloro-2-(((3R,3aR,6R,6aR)-6-hydroxyhexahydrofuro[3,2-b]furan-3-yl)oxy)-1H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridin-5-yl)-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4-carboxamido)ethyl)phosphonic acid;   14: (3-(4′-(6-chloro-2-(((3R,3aR,6R,6aR)-6-hydroxyhexahydrofuro[3,2-b]furan-3-yl)oxy)-1H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridin-5-yl)-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4-carboxamido)propyl)phosphonic acid;   15: 3-(4′-(6-chloro-2-(((3R,3aR,6R,6aR)-6-hydroxyhexahydrofuro[3,2-b]furan-3-yl)oxy)-1H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridin-5-yl)-N-(1,3-dihydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)propan-2-yl)-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4-carboxamido)propane-1-sulfonic acid;   16: (4-(((4′-(6-chloro-2-(((3R,3aR,6R,6aR)-6-hydroxyhexahydrofuro[3,2-b]furan-3-yl)oxy)-1H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridin-5-yl)-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4-yl)methyl)amino)-1-hydroxybutane-1,1-diyl)bis(phosphonic acid);   17: (2-(((4′-(6-chloro-2-(((3R,3aR,6R,6aR)-6-hydroxyhexahydrofuro[3,2-b]furan-3-yl)oxy)-1H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridin-5-yl)-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4-yl)methyl)amino)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-2-yl)phosphonic acid;   18: (S)-2-(((4′-(6-chloro-2-(((3R,3aR,6R,6aR)-6-hydroxyhexahydrofuro[3,2-b]furan-3-yl)oxy)-1H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridin-5-yl)-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4-yl)methyl)amino)-3-(4-(phosphonomethyl)phenyl)propanoic acid;   19: N-((4′-(6-chloro-2-(((3R,3aR,6R,6aR)-6-hydroxyhexahydrofuro[3,2-b]furan-3-yl)oxy)-1H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridin-5-yl)-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4-yl)methyl)-N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine;   20: 3-(((4′-(6-chloro-2-(((3R,3aR,6R,6aR)-6-hydroxyhexahydrofuro[3,2-b]furan-3-yl)oxy)-1H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridin-5-yl)-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4-yl)methyl)amino)pentanedioic acid;   21: 2-(((4′-(6-chloro-2-(((3R,3aR,6R,6aR)-6-hydroxyhexahydrofuro[3,2-b]furan-3-yl)oxy)-1H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridin-5-yl)-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4-yl)methyl)amino)-4-(hydroxy(methyl)phosphoryl)butanoic acid;   22: 3-(((4′-(6-chloro-2-(((3R,3aR,6R,6aR)-6-hydroxyhexahydrofuro[3,2-b]furan-3-yl)oxy)-1H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridin-5-yl)-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4-yl)methyl)amino)-2-hydroxypropanoic acid;   23: ((4′-(6-chloro-2-(((3R,3aR,6R,6aR)-6-hydroxyhexahydrofuro[3,2-b]furan-3-yl)oxy)-1H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridin-5-yl)-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4-yl)methyl)-L-aspartic acid;   24: (2R,3R,4R,5S)-6-(((4′-(6-chloro-2-(((3R,3aR,6R,6aR)-6-hydroxyhexahydrofuro[3,2-b]furan-3-yl)oxy)-1H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridin-5-yl)-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4-yl)methyl)(methyl)amino)hexane-1,2,3,4,5-pentaol;   25: (2R,3R,4R,5S)-1-((4′-(6-chloro-2-(((3R,3aR,6R,6aR)-6-hydroxyhexahydrofuro[3,2-b]furan-3-yl)oxy)-1H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridin-5-yl)-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4-yl)methyl)-2-(hydroxymethyl)piperidine-3,4,5-triol;   26: (4-(4′-(6-chloro-2-(((3R,3aR,6R,6aR)-6-hydroxyhexahydrofuro[3,2-b]furan-3-yl)oxy)-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-5-yl)-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4-carboxamido)butyl)phosphonic acid;   27: ((4′-(6-chloro-2-(((3R,3aR,6R,6aR)-6-hydroxyhexahydrofuro[3,2-b]furan-3-yl)oxy)-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-5-yl)-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4-carboxamido)methyl)phosphonic acid;   28: ((4′-(6-chloro-2-(((3R,3aR,6R,6aR)-6-hydroxyhexahydrofuro[3,2-b]furan-3-yl)oxy)-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-5-yl)-N-(phosphonomethyl)-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4-carboxamido)methyl)phosphonic acid;   29: 2-(4′-(6-chloro-2-(((3R,3aR,6R,6aR)-6-hydroxyhexahydrofuro[3,2-b]furan-3-yl)oxy)-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-5-yl)-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4-carboxamido)-N,N,N-trimethylethan-1-aminium;   30: 4′-(6-chloro-2-(((3R,3aR,6R,6aR)-6-hydroxyhexahydrofuro[3,2-b]furan-3-yl)oxy)-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-5-yl)-N-((2S,3R,4R,5R)-2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexyl)-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4-carboxamide;   31: 4′-(6-chloro-2-(((3R,3aR,6R,6aR)-6-hydroxyhexahydrofuro[3,2-b]furan-3-yl)oxy)-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-5-yl)-N-(2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethyl)-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4-carboxamide;   32: 1-(2-(4′-(6-chloro-2-(((3R,3aR,6R,6aR)-6-hydroxyhexahydrofuro[3,2-b]furan-3-yl)oxy)-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-5-yl)-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4-carboxamido)ethyl)-1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octan-1-ium;   33: 1-(3-(4′-(6-chloro-2-(((3R,3aR,6R,6aR)-6-hydroxyhexahydrofuro[3,2-b]furan-3-yl)oxy)-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-5-yl)-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4-carboxamido)propyl)-1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octan-1-ium;   34: 4′-(6-chloro-2-(((3R,3aR,6R,6aR)-6-hydroxyhexahydrofuro[3,2-b]furan-3-yl)oxy)-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-5-yl)-N-(2-(3-(1,3-dihydroxypropan-2-yl)ureido)ethyl)-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4-carboxamide;   35: 4′-(6-chloro-2-(((3R,3aR,6R,6aR)-6-hydroxyhexahydrofuro[3,2-b]furan-3-yl)oxy)-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-5-yl)-N-(2-(3-(2-hydroxyethyl)ureido)ethyl)-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4-carboxamide;   36: 2-(((4′-(6-chloro-2-(((3R,3aR,6R,6aR)-6-hydroxyhexahydrofuro[3,2-b]furan-3-yl)oxy)-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-5-yl)-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4-yl)methyl)amino)-2-(hydroxymethyl)propane-1,3-diol;   37: 4-(((4′-(6-chloro-2-(((3R,3aR,6R,6aR)-6-hydroxyhexahydrofuro[3,2-b]furan-3-yl)oxy)-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-5-yl)-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4-yl)methyl)amino)-N-(2-hydroxyethyl)butanamide;   38: 4-(((4′-(6-chloro-2-(((3R,3aR,6R,6aR)-6-hydroxyhexahydrofuro[3,2-b]furan-3-yl)oxy)-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-5-yl)-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4-yl)methyl)amino)-N-(1,3-dihydroxypropan-2-yl)butanamide;   39: 2-(((4′-(6-chloro-2-(((3R,3aR,6R,6aR)-6-hydroxyhexahydrofuro[3,2-b]furan-3-yl)oxy)-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-5-yl)-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4-yl)methyl)(methyl)amino)-N,N,N-trimethylethan-1-aminium;   40: 2-(((4′-(6-chloro-2-(((3R,3aR,6R,6aR)-6-hydroxyhexahydrofuro[3,2-b]furan-3-yl)oxy)-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-5-yl)-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4-yl)methyl)amino)propane-1,3-diol;   41: 1-(2-(((4′-(6-chloro-2-(((3R,3aR,6R,6aR)-6-hydroxyhexahydrofuro[3,2-b]furan-3-yl)oxy)-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-5-yl)-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4-yl)methyl)amino)ethyl)-3-(1,3-dihydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)propan-2-yl)urea;   42: (1R,2S,3R,5R)-3-(((4′-(6-chloro-2-(((3R,3aR,6R,6aR)-6-hydroxyhexahydrofuro[3,2-b]furan-3-yl)oxy)-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-5-yl)-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4-yl)methyl)amino)-5-(hydroxymethyl)cyclopentane-1,2-diol;   43: (2R,3R)-2-(((4′-(6-chloro-2-(((3R,3aR,6R,6aR)-6-hydroxyhexahydrofuro[3,2-b]furan-3-yl)oxy)-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-5-yl)-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4-yl)methyl)amino)butane-1,3-diol;   44: 2-(2-(((4′-(6-chloro-2-(((3R,3aR,6R,6aR)-6-hydroxyhexahydrofuro[3,2-b]furan-3-yl)oxy)-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-5-yl)-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4-yl)methyl)amino)ethyl)guanidine;   45: (4′-(6-chloro-2-(((3S,4R,5R)-4-hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydrofuran-3-yl)oxy)-1H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridin-5-yl)-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4-yl)phosphonic acid;   46: 2-(((4′-(6-chloro-2-(((3R,3aR,6R,6aR)-6-hydroxyhexahydrofuro[3,2-b]furan-3-yl)oxy)-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-5-yl)-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4-yl)methyl)amino)-N-(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl)-2-methylpropanamide;   48: 4′-(6-chloro-2-(((3R,3aR,6R,6aR)-6-hydroxyhexahydrofuro[3,2-b]furan-3-yl)oxy)-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-5-yl)-N-(2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethyl)-N-methyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4-carboxamide;   49: (3R,3aR,6R,6aR)-6-((6-chloro-5-(4′-(piperazin-1-ylmethyl)-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4-yl)-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)oxy)hexahydrofuro[3,2-b]furan-3-ol;   50: (3R,3aR,6R,6aR)-6-((6-chloro-5-(4′-((3-((2-hydroxyethoxy)methyl)azetidin-1-yl)methyl)-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4-yl)-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)oxy)hexahydrofuro[3,2-b]furan-3-ol;   51: (3R,3aR,6R,6aR)-6-((6-chloro-5-(4′-((4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl)methyl)-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4-yl)-1H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridin-2-yl)oxy)hexahydrofuro[3,2-b]furan-3-ol;   52: (1-((4′-(6-chloro-2-(((3R,3aR,6R,6aR)-6-hydroxyhexahydrofuro[3,2-b]furan-3-yl)oxy)-1H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridin-5-yl)-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4-yl)methyl)azetidine-3,3-diyl)dimethanol;   53: 2-(((4′-(6-chloro-2-(((3R,3aR,6R,6aR)-6-hydroxyhexahydrofuro[3,2-b]furan-3-yl)oxy)-1H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridin-5-yl)-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4-yl)methyl)amino)-2-(hydroxymethyl)propane-1,3-diol;   54: (1-((4′-(6-chloro-2-(((3R,3aR,6R,6aR)-6-hydroxyhexahydrofuro[3,2-b]furan-3-yl)oxy)-1H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridin-5-yl)-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4-yl)methyl)piperidine-4,4-diyl)dimethanol;   55: (3R,3aR,6R,6aR)-6-((6-chloro-5-(4′-((4-(hydroxymethyl)piperidin-1-yl)methyl)-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4-yl)-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)oxy)hexahydrofuro[3,2-b]furan-3-ol;   56: (3R,3aR,6R,6aR)-6-((6-chloro-5-(4′-((4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl)methyl)-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4-yl)-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)oxy)hexahydrofuro[3,2-b]furan-3-ol;   57: (3R,3aR,6R,6aR)-6-((6-chloro-5-(4′-((4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)methyl)-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4-yl)-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)oxy)hexahydrofuro[3,2-b]furan-3-ol;   58: (3R,3aR,6R,6aR)-6-((6-chloro-5-(4′-(((2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethyl)amino)methyl)-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4-yl)-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)oxy)hexahydrofuro[3,2-b]furan-3-ol;   59: (R)-1-((4′-(6-chloro-2-(((3R,3aR,6R,6aR)-6-hydroxyhexahydrofuro[3,2-b]furan-3-yl)oxy)-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-5-yl)-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4-yl)methyl)pyrrolidin-3-ol;   60: (1-((4′-(6-chloro-2-(((3R,3aR,6R,6aR)-6-hydroxyhexahydrofuro[3,2-b]furan-3-yl)oxy)-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-5-yl)-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4-yl)methyl)piperidine-4,4-diyl)dimethanol;   61: (3S,4R)-1-((4′-(6-chloro-2-(((3R,3aR,6R,6aR)-6-hydroxyhexahydrofuro[3,2-b]furan-3-yl)oxy)-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-5-yl)-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4-yl)methyl)pyrrolidine-3,4-diol;   62: (3R,3aR,6R,6aR)-6-((6-chloro-5-(4′-(((2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethyl)(methyl)amino)methyl)-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4-yl)-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)oxy)hexahydrofuro[3,2-b]furan-3-ol;   63: (3R,3aR,6R,6aR)-6-((6-chloro-5-(4′-((3-(hydroxymethyl)azetidin-1-yl)methyl)-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4-yl)-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)oxy)hexahydrofuro[3,2-b]furan-3-ol;   64: (3S,4S)-1-((4′-(6-chloro-2-(((3R,3aR,6R,6aR)-6-hydroxyhexahydrofuro[3,2-b]furan-3-yl)oxy)-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-5-yl)-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4-yl)methyl)pyrrolidine-3,4-diol;   65: (2R,3R,4R,5S)-6-(((4′-(6-chloro-2-(((3R,3aR,6R,6aR)-6-hydroxyhexahydrofuro[3,2-b]furan-3-yl)oxy)-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-5-yl)-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4-yl)methyl)amino)hexane-1,2,3,4,5-pentaol;   66: (1-((4′-(6-chloro-2-(((3R,3aR,6R,6aR)-6-hydroxyhexahydrofuro[3,2-b]furan-3-yl)oxy)-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-5-yl)-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4-yl)methyl)azetidine-3,3-diyl)dimethanol;   67: (3R,3aR,6R,6aR)-6-((5-(4′-((3-(aminomethyl)azetidin-1-yl)methyl)-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4-yl)-6-chloro-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)oxy)hexahydrofuro[3,2-b]furan-3-ol;   68: (4′-(6-chloro-2-(((3R,4S,5S)-4-hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydrofuran-3-yl)oxy)-1H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridin-5-yl)-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4-yl)phosphonic acid;   69: 4′-(6-chloro-2-(((3R,3aR,6R,6aR)-6-hydroxyhexahydrofuro[3,2-b]furan-3-yl)oxy)-1H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridin-5-yl)-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4-sulfonic acid;   70: 4′-(6-chloro-2-(((3R,3aR,6R,6aR)-6-hydroxyhexahydrofuro[3,2-b]furan-3-yl)oxy)-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-5-yl)-N-(2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethyl)-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4-sulfonamide;   71: 4′-(6-chloro-2-(((3R,3aR,6R,6aR)-6-hydroxyhexahydrofuro[3,2-b]furan-3-yl)oxy)-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-5-yl)-N-((2S,3R,4R,5R)-2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexyl)-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4-sulfonamide;   72: 4′-(6-chloro-2-(((3R,3aR,6R,6aR)-6-hydroxyhexahydrofuro[3,2-b]furan-3-yl)oxy)-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-5-yl)-N-(2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethyl)-N-methyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4-sulfonamide;   73: (2R,3R,4R,5S)-6-((1-(4′-(6-chloro-2-(((3R,3aR,6R,6aR)-6-hydroxyhexahydrofuro[3,2-b]furan-3-yl)oxy)-1H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridin-5-yl)-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4-yl)ethyl)amino)hexane-1,2,3,4,5-pentaol;   74: (3R,3aR,6R,6aR)-6-((6-chloro-5-(2′-hydroxy-4′-(((2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethyl)amino)methyl)-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4-yl)-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)oxy)hexahydrofuro[3,2-b]furan-3-ol; and   75: 4′-(6-chloro-2-(((3R,3aR,6R,6aR)-6-hydroxyhexahydrofuro[3,2-b]furan-3-yl)oxy)-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-5-yl)-2-hydroxy-N-(2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethyl)-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4-carboxamide;   or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or prodrug thereof.   
     
     
         63 . A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of any one of  claims 1 - 62 , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or prodrug thereof, and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. 
     
     
         64 . A method of treating an adenosine 5′-monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) associated condition or disorder in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of any one of  claims 1 - 62 , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or prodrug thereof. 
     
     
         65 . The method of  claim 64 , wherein the condition or disorder involves the gut-brain axis. 
     
     
         66 . The method of  claim 64  or  claim 65 , wherein the condition or disorder is a nutritional disorder. 
     
     
         67 . The method of  claim 66 , wherein the condition or disorder is short bowel syndrome, intestinal failure, or intestinal insufficiency. 
     
     
         68 . The method of  claim 64  or  claim 65 , wherein the condition or disorder is associated with systemic infection and inflammation from having a leaky gut barrier. 
     
     
         69 . The method of  claim 48  or  claim 49 , wherein the condition or disorder is metabolic syndrome, obesity, type 2 diabetes, coronary artery disease, fatty liver, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), cirrhosis, hepatic encephalopathy, fibrotic disorders including scleroderma, inflammatory bowel disease including Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, and checkpoint inhibitor-induced colitis, psoriasis, celiac disease, necrotizing enterocolitis, gastrointestinal injury resulting from toxic insults such as radiation or chemotherapy, environmental enteric dysfunction, allergy including food allergy, celiac sprue, and childhood allergy, graft vs. host disease, irritable bowel syndrome, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, ischemic colitis, sclerosing cholangitis, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, cancer including colorectal cancer, depression, autism, or a combination thereof. 
     
     
         70 . A method of treating gastrointestinal injury resulting from toxic insult, the method comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of any one of  claims 1 - 62 , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or prodrug thereof. 
     
     
         71 . The method of  claim 70 , wherein the toxic insult is from radiation, chemotherapy, or a combination thereof. 
     
     
         72 . The method of  claim 70  or  claim 71 , wherein the toxic insult is radiation-induced. 
     
     
         73 . The method of  claim 70  or  claim 70 , wherein the toxic insult is chemotherapy-induced. 
     
     
         74 . Use of a compound of any one of  claims 1 - 62 , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or prodrug thereof, as a medicine. 
     
     
         75 . Use of a compound of any one of  claims 1 - 62 , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or prodrug thereof, for the treatment of an adenosine 5′-monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) associated condition or disorder in a subject in need thereof. 
     
     
         76 . The use of  claim 75 , wherein the condition or disorder involves the gut-brain axis. 
     
     
         77 . The use of  claim 75  or  claim 76 , wherein the condition or disorder is a nutritional disorder. 
     
     
         78 . The use of  claim 77 , wherein the condition or disorder is short bowel syndrome, intestinal failure, or intestinal insufficiency. 
     
     
         79 . The use of  claim 75  or  claim 76 , wherein the condition or disorder is associated with systemic infection and inflammation from having a leaky gut barrier. 
     
     
         80 . The use of  claim 75  or  claim 76 , wherein the condition or disorder is metabolic syndrome, obesity, type 2 diabetes, coronary artery disease, fatty liver, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), cirrhosis, hepatic encephalopathy, fibrotic disorders including scleroderma, inflammatory bowel disease including Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, and checkpoint inhibitor-induced colitis, psoriasis, celiac disease, necrotizing enterocolitis, gastrointestinal injury resulting from toxic insults such as radiation or chemotherapy, environmental enteric dysfunction, allergy including food allergy, celiac sprue, and childhood allergy, graft vs. host disease, irritable bowel syndrome, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, ischemic colitis, sclerosing cholangitis, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, cancer including colorectal cancer, depression, autism, or a combination thereof. 
     
     
         81 . Use of a compound of any one of  claims 1 - 62 , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or prodrug thereof, for the preparation of a medicament for the treatment of gastrointestinal injury resulting from toxic insult in a subject in need thereof. 
     
     
         82 . The use of  claim 81 , wherein the toxic insult is from radiation, chemotherapy, or a combination thereof. 
     
     
         83 . The use of  claim 81  or  claim 82 , wherein the toxic insult is radiation-induced. 
     
     
         84 . The use of  claim 81  or  claim 82 , wherein the toxic insult is chemotherapy-induced.

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