Yarns and fabrics including modacrylic fibers

Abstract

Yarns and fabrics that include modacrylic fibers are described herein. A yarn and/or fabric may include modacrylic fibers, meta-aramid fibers, anti-static fibers, and optionally para-aramid fibers. In some embodiments, the modacrylic fibers, meta-aramid fibers, and, if present, para-aramid fibers, may each be fiber dyed, optionally solution-dyed.

That which is claimed is: 
     
         1 . A fabric comprising:
 a plurality of yarns, wherein each yarn of the plurality of yarns comprises modacrylic fibers, meta-aramid fibers, anti-static fibers, and optionally para-aramid fibers,   wherein the fabric comprises: 
 at least 20% modacrylic fibers by weight of the fabric; 
 about 10% or 40% to about 70% or 80% meta-aramid fibers by weight of the fabric; 
 about 0% or 0.1% to about 2% anti-static fibers by weight of the fabric; and 
 about 0% or 0.1% to about 15% para-aramid fibers by weight of the fabric. 
   
     
     
         2 . The fabric of  claim 1 , wherein the fabric comprises greater than 20% modacrylic fibers by weight of the fabric and less than 74% meta-aramid fibers by weight of the fabric and/or wherein the fabric comprises greater than 20% to about 60% or 90% modacrylic fibers by weight of the fabric. 
     
     
         3 . The fabric of  claim 1 , wherein the fabric comprises about 30% to about 50% modacrylic fibers by weight of the fabric; about 45% to about 65% meta-aramid fibers by weight of the fabric; about 0.1% to about 2% anti-static fibers by weight of the fabric; and about 1% to about 10% para-aramid fibers by weight of the fabric. 
     
     
         4 . The fabric of  claim 1 , wherein the fabric comprises about 55% to about 74%, 80%, or 85% modacrylic fibers by weight of the fabric; about 10% to about 30% meta-aramid fibers by weight of the fabric; about 0.1% to about 2% anti-static fibers by weight of the fabric; and about 1% to about 15% para-aramid fibers by weight of the fabric. 
     
     
         5 . The fabric of  claim 1 , wherein the fabric comprises about 60% to about 80% modacrylic fibers by weight of the fabric; about 10% to about 20% meta-aramid fibers by weight of the fabric; about 0.1% to about 2% anti-static fibers by weight of the fabric; and about 1% to about 15% para-aramid fibers by weight of the fabric. 
     
     
         6 . The fabric of  any preceding claim , wherein the fabric is woven, optionally wherein the fabric has a plain weave, twill weave, or basketweave. 
     
     
         7 . The fabric of any one of  claims 1-6 , wherein the fabric is a knit, optionally wherein the fabric is an interlock knit, single jersey knit, double jersey knit, warp knit, pique knit, rib knit, and/or modified welt knit. 
     
     
         8 . The fabric of  any preceding claim , wherein the meta-aramid fibers and/or para-aramid fibers are fiber dyed fibers (e.g., solution-dyed fibers), optionally wherein the meta-aramid fibers, para-aramid fibers, and anti-static fibers are fiber dyed fibers (e.g., solution-dyed fibers). 
     
     
         9 . The fabric of  any preceding claim , wherein the modacrylic fibers comprise fiber dyed fibers, optionally wherein the modacrylic fibers are solution-dyed modacrylic fibers. 
     
     
         10 . The fabric of  any preceding claim , wherein the fabric comprises about 75% or more fiber dyed fibers (e.g., solution-dyed fibers) by weight of the fabric, optionally wherein the fabric comprises greater than 80% fiber dyed fibers (e.g., solution-dyed fibers) by weight of the fabric. 
     
     
         11 . The fabric of  any preceding claim , wherein the fabric comprises about 75% or more solution-dyed fibers by weight of the fabric, optionally wherein the fabric comprises greater than 80% solution-dyed fibers by weight of the fabric. 
     
     
         12 . The fabric of  any preceding claim , wherein 100% of the meta-aramid fibers, modacrylic fibers, anti-static fibers, and/or para-aramid fibers present in the fabric are fiber dyed fibers (e.g., solution-dyed fibers), optionally wherein 100% of the meta-aramid fibers, modacrylic fibers, anti-static fibers, and/or para-aramid fibers present in the fabric are solution-dyed fibers. 
     
     
         13 . The fabric of  any preceding claim , wherein the modacrylic fibers comprise an antimony oxide, optionally wherein the modacrylic fibers comprises antimony pentoxide. 
     
     
         14 . The fabric of  any preceding claim , wherein the modacrylic fibers are formed from and/or comprises a polymer comprising acrylonitrile units and vinylidene chloride units. 
     
     
         15 . The fabric of  any preceding claim , wherein the modacrylic fibers have a degree of crystallinity of at least 35%, optionally wherein the modacrylic fibers have a degree of crystallinity of at least 35% to about 40%, 41%, 42%, 43%, 44%, or 45%. 
     
     
         16 . The fabric of  any preceding claim , wherein the meta-aramid fibers have a degree of crystallinity of less than 20% and/or are amorphous. 
     
     
         17 . The fabric of  any preceding claim , wherein the modacrylic fibers and meta-aramid fibers are present in the fabric in a weight ratio of about 1:2 to about 10:1 (modacrylic fibers : meta-aramid fibers), optionally wherein the weight ratio is about 1:2 to about 1:1, about 2:1 to about 10:1, about 2.5:1 to about 8:1, or about 3:1 to about 6:1 (modacrylic fibers : meta-aramid fibers). 
     
     
         18 . The fabric of  any preceding claim , wherein the fabric has a basis weight of about 2 or 4.5 ounces per square yard (osy) to about 10 or 15 osy. 
     
     
         19 . The fabric of  any preceding claim , wherein the plurality of yarns comprises one or more yarns having a yarn size of 30/2 and/or 40/2. 
     
     
         20 . The fabric of  any preceding claim , wherein the fabric has about 20, 30, 40, or 50 to about 70 picks per inch (PPI) or courses per inch (CPI). 
     
     
         21 . The fabric of  any preceding claim , wherein the fabric has improved flame resistance compared to a control fabric, optionally wherein the control fabric comprises 20% or less modacrylic fibers by weight of the fabric; about 40% to about 80% meta-aramid fibers by weight of the fabric; about 0% to about 10% para-aramid fibers by weight of the fabric; and about 0.1% to about 2% anti-static fibers by weight of the fabric. 
     
     
         22 . The fabric of  any preceding claim , wherein the fabric is flame-resistant. 
     
     
         23 . The fabric of  any preceding claim , wherein the fabric is UL compliant and/or the fabric meets or exceeds the requirements set forth in ASTM D6413, NFPA 70E, NFPA 2112, ASTM F1506, NFPA 1975, NFPA 1977, Canadian Standard CGSB 155.20, and/or Canadian Standard CGSB 155.22. 
     
     
         24 . The fabric of  any preceding claim , wherein the fabric has an arc rating that is substantially the same as (e.g., within about +/- 10% of) or improved compared to an arc rating for a control fabric, optionally wherein the control fabric comprises 20% or less modacrylic fibers by weight of the fabric; about 40% to about 80% meta-aramid fibers by weight of the fabric; about 0% to about 10% para-aramid fibers by weight of the fabric; and about 0.1% to about 2% anti-static fibers by weight of the fabric. 
     
     
         25 . The fabric of  any preceding claim , wherein the fabric has a color, strength (e.g., tear strength and/or tensile strength), seam slippage, crock, size, flame resistance, and/or arc-flash resistance after about 50 or 100 launderings or more that is substantially the same as (e.g., within about +/- 10% of) the color, strength (e.g., tear strength and/or tensile strength), seam slippage, crock, size, flame resistance, and/or arc-flash resistance of the fabric prior to laundering. 
     
     
         26 . The fabric of  any preceding claim , wherein the fabric passes TM ASTM D4966 abrasion testing after about 100,000 or 200,000 cycles of fabric abrasion testing as measured in accordance with TM ASTM D4966 (Martindale Abrasion). 
     
     
         27 . The fabric of  any preceding claim , wherein the fabric has minimal or no discoloration after about 50 or 100 launderings or more compared to the color of the fabric prior to laundering and/or compared to a control fabric (e.g., a control fabric comprising 20% or less modacrylic fibers by weight of the fabric; about 40% to about 80% meta-aramid fibers by weight of the fabric; about 0% to about 10% para-aramid fibers by weight of the fabric; and about 0.1% to about 2% anti-static fibers by weight of the fabric). 
     
     
         28 . The fabric of  any preceding claim , wherein the fabric has a CIE Delta E of less than about 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, or 1 at about 3, 6, 9, or 12 months or more (e.g., 3, 6, 9, or 12 months or more of outdoor exposure) and/or after exposure to 880, 1320, or 2200 kJ in accordance with AATCC 169 Option 3. 
     
     
         29 . The fabric of  any preceding claim , wherein the fabric has increased and/or improved strength (e.g., tear strength and/or tensile strength), shrinkage, seam slippage, crock, shade consistency, color fastness, arc-flash resistance, and/or laundering properties compared to strength (e.g., tear strength and/or tensile strength), shrinkage, seam slippage, crock, shade consistency, color fastness, arc-flash resistance, and/or laundering properties for a control fabric, optionally wherein the control fabric comprises a plurality of yarns, the plurality of yarns comprising 20% or less modacrylic fibers by weight of the fabric; about 40% to about 80% meta-aramid fibers by weight of the fabric; about 0% to about 10% para-aramid fibers by weight of the fabric; and about 0.1% to about 2% anti-static fibers by weight of the fabric. 
     
     
         30 . The fabric of  any preceding claim , wherein the plurality of yarns comprise staple fibers, optionally wherein at least a portion of the staple fibers have a length of about 50 mm to about 55 mm, a linear density of about 1.5 dtex to about 2.0 dtex, and/or a limiting oxygen index (LOI) of at least about 28%. 
     
     
         31 . A fabric comprising:
 a plurality of yarns, wherein each yarn of the plurality of yarns comprises: 
 fiber dyed (e.g., solution-dyed) modacrylic fibers; 
 fiber dyed (e.g., solution-dyed) meta-aramid fibers; 
 anti-static fibers, optionally wherein the anti-static fibers are fiber dyed (e.g., solution-dyed) anti-static fibers; and 
 optionally fiber dyed (e.g., solution-dyed) para-aramid fibers, optionally wherein the para-aramid fibers are fiber dyed (e.g., solution-dyed) para-aramid fibers. 
   
     
     
         32 . The fabric of  claim 31 , wherein the fabric comprises greater than 80% fiber dyed fibers (e.g., solution-dyed fibers) by weight of the fabric, optionally wherein the fabric comprises greater than 80% solution-dyed fibers by weight of the fabric. 
     
     
         33 . The fabric of any one of  claims 31  lor 32, wherein the fabric comprises about 20% to about 60%, 70%, 80%, or 90% modacrylic fibers by weight of the fabric, optionally wherein the fabric comprises about 20% to about 60%, 70%, 80%, or 90% fiber dyed (e.g., solution-dyed) modacrylic fibers by weight of the fabric. 
     
     
         34 . The fabric of any one of  claims 31-33 , wherein the fabric comprises greater than 20% modacrylic fibers by weight of the fabric, optionally wherein the fabric comprises greater than 20% solution-dyed modacrylic fibers by weight of the fabric. 
     
     
         35 . The fabric of any one of  claims 31-34 , wherein the fabric comprises less than 74% meta-aramid fibers by weight of the fabric, optionally wherein the fabric comprises less than 74% fiber dyed (e.g., solution-dyed) meta-aramid fibers by weight of the fabric. 
     
     
         36 . The fabric of any one of  claims 31-35 , wherein the fabric comprises:
 about 10%, 15%, 20%, 30%, or 40% to about 55%, 60%, 70% or 80% fiber dyed (e.g., solution-dyed) meta-aramid fibers by weight of the fabric;   about 0% or 0.1% to about 2% anti-static fibers by weight of the fabric, optionally wherein the anti-static fibers are fiber dyed (e.g., solution-dyed) antistatic fibers; and   about 0% to about 15% fiber dyed (e.g., solution-dyed) para-aramid fibers by weight of the fabric.   
     
     
         37 . The fabric of any one of  claims 31-36 , wherein the fabric comprises about 30% to about 50% fiber dyed modacrylic fibers by weight of the fabric; about 45% to about 65% fiber dyed meta-aramid fibers by weight of the fabric; about 0.1% to about 2% anti-static fibers by weight of the fabric; and about 1% to about 10% fiber dyed para-aramid fibers by weight of the fabric. 
     
     
         38 . The fabric of any one of  claims 31-36 , wherein the fabric comprises about 55% to about 74%, 80%, or 85% fiber dyed modacrylic fibers by weight of the fabric; about 10% to about 30% fiber dyed meta-aramid fibers by weight of the fabric; about 0.1% to about 2% anti-static fibers by weight of the fabric; and about 1% to about 15% fiber dyed para-aramid fibers by weight of the fabric. 
     
     
         39 . The fabric of any one of  claims 31-36 , wherein the fabric comprises about 60% to about 80% fiber dyed modacrylic fibers by weight of the fabric; about 10% to about 20% fiber dyed meta-aramid fibers by weight of the fabric; about 0.1% to about 2% anti-static fibers by weight of the fabric; and about 1% to about 15% fiber dyed para-aramid fibers by weight of the fabric. 
     
     
         40 . The fabric of any one of  claims 31-39 , wherein the fabric comprises about 75% or more solution-dyed fibers by weight of the fabric, optionally wherein the fabric comprises greater than 80% solution-dyed fibers by weight of the fabric. 
     
     
         41 . The fabric of any one of  claims 31-40 , wherein 100% of the meta-aramid fibers, modacrylic fibers, anti-static fibers, and/or para-aramid fibers present in the fabric are fiber dyed fibers (e.g., solution-dyed fibers), optionally wherein 100% of the meta-aramid fibers, modacrylic fibers, anti-static fibers, and/or para-aramid fibers present in the fabric are solution-dyed fibers. 
     
     
         42 . The fabric of any one of  claims 31-41 , wherein the fiber dyed modacrylic fibers comprise an antimony oxide, optionally wherein the fiber dyed modacrylic fibers comprises antimony pentoxide. 
     
     
         43 . The fabric of any one of  claims 31-42 , wherein the fiber dyed modacrylic fibers are formed from and/or comprises a polymer comprising acrylonitrile units and vinylidene chloride units. 
     
     
         44 . The fabric of any one of  claims 31-43 , wherein the fiber dyed modacrylic fibers have a degree of crystallinity of at least 35%, optionally wherein the fiber dyed modacrylic fibers have a degree of crystallinity of at least 35% to about 40%, 41%, 42%, 43%, 44%, or 45%. 
     
     
         45 . The fabric of any one of  claims 31-44 , wherein the fiber dyed meta-aramid fibers have a degree of crystallinity of less than 20% and/or are amorphous. 
     
     
         46 . The fabric of any one of  claims 31-45 , wherein the fiber dyed modacrylic fibers and fiber dyed meta-aramid fibers are present in the fabric in a weight ratio of about 1:2 to about 10:1 (fiber dyed modacrylic fibers : fiber dyed meta-aramid fibers), optionally wherein the weight ratio is about 1:2 to about 1:1, about 2:1 to about 10:1, about 2.5:1 to about 8:1, or about 3:1 to about 6:1 (fiber dyed modacrylic fibers : fiber dyed meta-aramid fibers). 
     
     
         47 . The fabric of any one of  claims 31-46 , wherein the fabric is woven, optionally wherein the fabric has a plain weave, twill weave, or basketweave. 
     
     
         48 . The fabric of any one of  claims 31-46 , wherein the fabric is a knit, optionally wherein the fabric is an interlock knit, single jersey knit, double jersey knit, warp knit, rib knit, pique knit, and/or modified welt knit. 
     
     
         49 . The fabric of any one of  claims 31-48 , wherein the fabric has a basis weight of about 2 or 4.5 ounces per square yard (osy) to about 10 or 15 osy. 
     
     
         50 . The fabric of any one of  claims 31-49 , the fabric comprises yarns that consist of anti-static fibers and fiber dyed fibers (e.g., solution-dyed fibers), optionally wherein fiber dyed fibers are fiber dyed (e.g., solution-dyed) modacrylic fibers, fiber dyed fibers (e.g., solution-dyed) meta-aramid fibers, and optionally fiber dyed fibers (e.g., solution-dyed) para-aramid fibers. 
     
     
         51 . The fabric of any one of  claims 31-50 , wherein the plurality of yarns comprises one or more yarns having a yarn size of 30/2 and/or 40/2. 
     
     
         52 . The fabric of any one of  claims 31-51 , wherein the plurality of yarns comprises one or more yarns having a yarn size in a range of about 12/1 or 15/1 to about 20/1, 24/1, 30/1, or 40/1, optionally wherein the plurality of yarns comprises one or more yarns having a yarn size of 12/1, 15/1, 17/1, 18/1, 20/1, 24/1, 30/1, and/or 40/1. 
     
     
         53 . The fabric of any one of  claims 31-52 , wherein the fabric has about 20 to about 70 picks per inch (PPI) or courses per inch (CPI). 
     
     
         54 . The fabric of any one of  claims 31-53 , wherein the fabric has improved flame resistance compared to a control fabric, optionally wherein the control fabric comprises modacrylic fibers that are not fiber dyed (e.g., are not solution-dyed); solution-dyed meta-aramid fibers; anti-static fibers; and optionally solution-dyed para-aramid fibers. 
     
     
         55 . The fabric of any one of  claims 31-54 , wherein the fabric is flame-resistant. 
     
     
         56 . The fabric of any one of  claims 31-55 , wherein the fabric is UL compliant and/or the fabric meets or exceeds the requirements set forth in ASTM D6413, NFPA 70E, NFPA 2112, ASTM F1506, NFPA 1975, NFPA 1979, Canadian Standard CGSB 155.20, and/or Canadian Standard CGSB 155.22. 
     
     
         57 . The fabric of any one of  claims 31-56 , wherein the fabric has a total denier in the warp direction and/or weft direction or machine direction and/or cross-machine direction of about 100 to about 500 or about 300 to about 400. 
     
     
         58 . The fabric of any one of  claims 31-57 , wherein the fabric has an arc rating that is substantially the same as (e.g., within about +/- 10% of) or improved compared to an arc rating for a control fabric, optionally wherein the control fabric comprises modacrylic fibers that are not fiber dyed (e.g., are not solution-dyed); solution-dyed meta-aramid fibers; anti-static fibers; and optionally solution-dyed para-aramid fibers. 
     
     
         59 . The fabric of any one of  claims 31-58 , wherein the fabric has a color, strength (e.g., tear strength and/or tensile strength), seam slippage, crock, size, flame resistance and/or arc-flash resistance after about 50 or 100 launderings or more that is substantially the same as (e.g., within about +/- 10% of) the color, strength (e.g., tear strength and/or tensile strength), seam slippage, crock, size, flame resistance and/or arc-flash resistance of the fabric prior to laundering. 
     
     
         60 . The fabric of any one of  claims 31-59 , wherein the fabric passes TM ASTM D4966 abrasion testing after about 100,000 or 200,000 cycles of fabric abrasion testing as measured in accordance with TM ASTM D4966 (Martindale Abrasion). 
     
     
         61 . The fabric of any one of  claims 31-60 , wherein 100% of the meta-aramid fibers, modacrylic fibers, anti-static fibers, and/or para-aramid fibers present in the fabric are fiber dyed (e.g., solution-dyed) fibers, wherein 100% of the meta-aramid fibers, modacrylic fibers, anti-static fibers, and/or para-aramid fibers present in the fabric are solution-dyed fibers. 
     
     
         62 . The fabric of any one of  claims 31-61 , wherein the fabric has minimal or no discoloration after about 50 or 100 launderings or more compared to the color of the fabric prior to laundering and/or compared to a control fabric (e.g., a control fabric comprising 20% or less modacrylic fibers by weight of the fabric; about 40% to about 80% meta-aramid fibers by weight of the fabric; about 0% to about 10% para-aramid fibers by weight of the fabric; and about 0.1% to about 2% anti-static fibers by weight of the fabric). 
     
     
         63 . The fabric of any one of  claims 31-62 , wherein the fabric has a CIE Delta E of less than about 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, or 1 at about 3, 6, 9, or 12 months or more (e.g., 3, 6, 9, or 12 months or more of outdoor exposure) and/or after exposure to 880, 1320, or 2200 kJ in accordance with AATCC 169 Option 3. 
     
     
         64 . The fabric of any one of  claims 31-63 , wherein the fabric has increased and/or improved strength (e.g., tear strength and/or tensile strength), shrinkage, seam slippage, crock, shade consistency, color fastness, arc-flash resistance, and/or laundering properties compared to strength (e.g., tear strength and/or tensile strength), shrinkage, seam slippage, crock, shade consistency, color fastness, arc-flash resistance, and/or laundering properties for a control fabric, optionally wherein the control fabric comprises a plurality of yarns, the plurality of yarns comprising 20% or less modacrylic fibers by weight of the fabric; about 40% to about 80% meta-aramid fibers by weight of the fabric; about 0% to about 10% para-aramid fibers by weight of the fabric; and about 0.1% to about 2% anti-static fibers by weight of the fabric. 
     
     
         65 . The fabric of any one of  claims 31-64 , wherein the plurality of yarns comprise staple fibers, optionally wherein at least a portion of the staple fibers have a length of about 50 mm to about 55 mm, a linear density of about 1.5 dtex to about 2.0 dtex, and/or a limiting oxygen index (LOI) of at least about 28%. 
     
     
         66 . A yarn comprising:
 a blend of fibers, the blend of fibers comprising: 
 at least 20% modacrylic fibers by weight of the yarn; 
 about 10% or 40% to about 70% or 80% meta-aramid fibers by weight of the yarn; 
 about 0% or 0.1% to about 2% anti-static fibers by weight of the yarn; and 
 about 0% to about 15% para-aramid fibers by weight of the yarn. 
   
     
     
         67 . The yarn of  claim 66 , wherein the yarn comprises greater than 20% to about 60% or 70%, 80%, or 90% modacrylic fibers by weight of the yarn and/or wherein the yarn comprises less than 74% meta-aramid fibers by weight of the yarn. 
     
     
         68 . The yarn of any one of  claims 66-67 , wherein the yarn comprises about 30% to about 50% modacrylic fibers by weight of the yarn; about 45% to about 65% meta-aramid fibers by weight of the yarn; about 0.1% to about 2% anti-static fibers by weight of the yarn; and about 1% to about 10% para-aramid fibers by weight of the yarn. 
     
     
         69 . The yarn of any one of  claims 66-67 , wherein the yarn comprises about 55% to about 74%, 80%, or 85% modacrylic fibers by weight of the yarn; about 10% to about 30% meta-aramid fibers by weight of the yarn; about 0.1% to about 2% anti-static fibers by weight of the yarn; and about 1% to about 15% para-aramid fibers by weight of the yarn. 
     
     
         70 . The yarn of any one of  claims 66-67 , wherein the yarn comprises about 60% to about 80% modacrylic fibers by weight of the yarn; about 10% to about 20% meta-aramid fibers by weight of the yarn; about 0.1% to about 2% anti-static fibers by weight of the yarn; and about 1% to about 15% para-aramid fibers by weight of the yarn. 
     
     
         71 . The yarn of any one of  claims 66-70 , wherein the yarn comprises about 1% to about 2% anti-static fibers by weight of the yarn. 
     
     
         72 . The yarn of any one of  claims 66-71 , wherein the meta-aramid fibers and/or para-aramid fibers are fiber dyed fibers (e.g., solution-dyed fibers), optionally wherein the meta-aramid fibers and/or para-aramid fibers are solution-dyed fibers. 
     
     
         73 . The yarn of any one of  claims 66-72 , wherein the modacrylic fibers comprise fiber dyed fibers, optionally wherein the modacrylic fibers are solution-dyed modacrylic fibers. 
     
     
         74 . The yarn of any one of  claims 66-73 , wherein the yarn comprises about 75% or more fiber dyed fibers (e.g., solution-dyed fibers) by weight of the fabric, optionally wherein the fabric comprises greater than 80% fiber dyed fibers (e.g., solution-dyed fibers) by weight of the fabric, further optionally wherein 100% of the meta-aramid fibers, para-aramid fibers, anti-static fibers, and/or modacrylic fibers present in the fabric are fiber dyed fibers (e.g., solution-dyed fibers). 
     
     
         75 . The yarn of any one of  claims 66-74 , wherein yarn comprise staple fibers, optionally wherein the staple fibers have a length of about 50 mm to about 55 mm, a linear density of about 1.5 dtex to about 2.0 dtex, and/or a limiting oxygen index (LOI) of at least about 28%. 
     
     
         76 . The yarn of any one of  claims 66-75 , wherein the modacrylic fibers comprise an antimony oxide, optionally wherein the modacrylic fibers comprises antimony pentoxide. 
     
     
         77 . The yarn of any one of  claims 66-76 , wherein the modacrylic fibers are formed from and/or comprises a polymer comprising acrylonitrile units and vinylidene chloride units. 
     
     
         78 . The yarn of any one of  claims 66-77 , wherein the modacrylic fibers have a degree of crystallinity of at least 35%, optionally wherein the modacrylic fibers have a degree of crystallinity of at least 35% to about 40%, 41%, 42%, 43%, 44%, or 45%. 
     
     
         79 . The yarn of any one of  claims 66-78 , wherein the meta-aramid fibers have a degree of crystallinity of less than 20% and/or are amorphous. 
     
     
         80 . The yarn of any one of  claims 66-79 , wherein the modacrylic fibers and meta-aramid fibers are present in the yarn in a weight ratio of about 1:2 to about 10:1 (modacrylic fibers : meta-aramid fibers), optionally wherein the weight ratio is about 1:2 to about 1:1, about 2:1 to about 10:1, about 2.5:1 to about 8:1, or about 3:1 to about 6:1 (modacrylic fibers : meta-aramid fibers). 
     
     
         81 . A yarn comprising:
 a blend of fibers, the blend of fibers comprising: 
 fiber dyed (e.g., solution-dyed) modacrylic fibers; 
 fiber dyed (e.g., solution-dyed) meta-aramid fibers; 
 optionally anti-static fibers, optionally wherein the anti-static fibers are fiber dyed (e.g., solution-dyed) anti-static fibers; and 
 optionally fiber dyed (e.g., solution-dyed) para-aramid fibers. 
   
     
     
         82 . The yarn of  claim 81 , wherein the yarn comprises greater than 80% fiber dyed fibers (e.g., solution-dyed fibers) by weight of the yarn, optionally wherein 100% of the meta-aramid fibers, para-aramid fibers, anti-static fibers, and/or modacrylic fibers present in the fabric are fiber dyed fibers (e.g., solution-dyed fibers). 
     
     
         83 . The yarn of  claim 81  or  claim 82 , wherein the yarn comprises about 20% to about 60% or 80% modacrylic fibers by weight of the yarn, optionally wherein the yarn comprises about 20% to about 60% or 70% or 80% fiber dyed (e.g., solution-dyed) modacrylic fibers by weight of the yarn. 
     
     
         84 . The yarn of any one of  claims 81-83 , wherein the yarn comprises greater than 20% modacrylic fibers by weight of the yarn, optionally wherein the fabric comprises greater than 20% fiber dyed (e.g., solution-dyed) modacrylic fibers by weight of the yarn. 
     
     
         85 . The yarn of any one of  claims 81-84 , wherein the yarn comprises less than 74% meta-aramid fibers by weight of the yarn, optionally wherein the yarn comprises less than 74% fiber dyed (e.g., solution-dyed) meta-aramid fibers by weight of the yarn. 
     
     
         86 . The yarn of any one of  claims 81-85 , wherein the yarn comprises:
 about 10% or 40% to about 70% or 80% fiber dyed (e.g., solution-dyed) meta-aramid fibers by weight of the yarn;   about 0% or 0.1% or 1% to about 2% anti-static fibers by weight of the yarn; and   about 0% to about 10% fiber dyed (e.g., solution-dyed) para-aramid fibers by weight of the yarn.   
     
     
         87 . The yarn of any one of  claims 81-86 , the yarn consists of fiber dyed fibers, optionally wherein the yarn consists of solution-dyed fibers. 
     
     
         88 . The yarn of any one of  claims 81-87 , wherein yarn comprise staple fibers, optionally wherein at least a portion of the staple fibers have a length of about 50 mm to about 55 mm, a linear density of about 1.5 dtex to about 2.0 dtex, and/or a limiting oxygen index (LOI) of at least about 28%. 
     
     
         89 . A fabric comprising the yarn of any one of  claims 66-88 . 
     
     
         90 . The fabric of any one of  claims 1-65  or  89 , wherein the fabric has a seam slippage in the warp and/or fill direction or machine direction and/or cross-machine direction of greater than 50 lbf, as measured in accordance with ASTM D434. 
     
     
         91 . The fabric of any one of  claims 1-65  or  89  or  90 , wherein the fabric has a shrinkage in length and/or width direction after 25 launderings of less than about 3%, as measured in accordance with TM AATCC 135, Method 3, IV or TM AATCC 135, Method 3, V, A, iii. 
     
     
         92 . The fabric of any one of  claims 1-65  or  89-91 , wherein the fabric has a tear strength in the warp direction and/or fill direction or machine direction and/or cross-machine direction of at least about 6.5 lbf, as measured in accordance with ASTM D2261. 
     
     
         93 . The fabric of any one of  claims 1-65  or  89-92 , wherein the fabric has a tensile strength in the warp direction and/or fill direction or machine direction and/or cross-machine direction of at least about 85 1bf, as measured in accordance with ASTM D5034. 
     
     
         94 . The fabric of any one of  claims 1-65  or  89-93 , wherein the fabric does not melt or drip, has an after-flame of less than 2 seconds, and has a char length of less than 6 inches, as tested in accordance with ASTM F1506 and/or ASTM D6413. 
     
     
         95 . The fabric of  claim 94 , wherein the fabric, after 25 launderings, does not melt or drip, has an after-flame of less than 2 seconds, and has a char length of less than 6 inches, as tested in accordance with ASTM test method D6413. 
     
     
         96 . The fabric of any one of  claims 1-65  or  89-95 , wherein the fabric has a laundering rating of at least 4, as measured in accordance with TM AATCC 61 2A. 
     
     
         97 . The fabric of any one of  claims 1-65  or  89-96 , wherein the fabric has a protection to weight ratio of about 1 or more (arc rating (cal/cm 2 ) as measured in accordance with NFPA 70E : weight of the fabric). 
     
     
         98 . The fabric of any one of  claims 1-65  or  89-97 , wherein the fabric is devoid of cellulosic fibers and/or nylon fibers that are not anti-static fibers. 
     
     
         99 . The fabric of any one of  claims 1-65  or  89-98 , wherein the fabric is not treated with a coloring agent (e.g., a dye) and/or wherein each yarn of the plurality of yarns is devoid of a post-formation dye. 
     
     
         100 . The fabric of any one of  claims 1-65  or  89-99 , wherein the fabric meets or exceeds the requirements set forth in ANSI/ISEA 107 - 2020, ISO 20471:2013, ASTM E1164-17, AATCC 61-2013 (e.g., AATCC 61-2013-2A, AATCC 61-2013-3A, AATCC 61-2013-4A, AATCC 61-2013-5A) optionally as carried out at 105° F. and/or 145° F., AATCC 132-2013, AATCC 133-2013 as carried out at 230° F., 302° F., and/or 392° F., AATCC 8-2016, AATCC 15-2013, ASTM D1424-09 (2019), ASTM D3787-07 (2016), ASTM D6797-07 (2015), AATCC 135-2018, AATCC 96-2012, and/or AATCC 107-2013. 
     
     
         101 . The fabric of any one of  claims 1-65  or  89-100 , wherein the fabric, after laundering in accordance with AATCC 61-2013 as carried out at about 105° F., has a grade of 4-5 or 5 for color change, optionally wherein the fabric, after laundering in accordance with AATCC 61-2013 as carried out at about 120° F., has a grade of at least 4-5 or 5 for color change. 
     
     
         102 . The fabric of any one of  claims 1-65  or  89-101 , wherein the fabric, after laundering in accordance with AATCC 61-2013 as carried out at about 105° F., has a grade of 4, 4-5, or 5 for staining of acetate, staining of cotton, staining of nylon, staining of polyester, staining of acrylic, and/or staining of wool, optionally wherein the fabric, after laundering in accordance with AATCC 61-2013 as carried out at about 120° F., has a grade of 4, 4-5, or 5 for staining of acetate, staining of cotton, staining of nylon, staining of polyester, staining of acrylic, and/or staining of wool. 
     
     
         103 . The fabric of any one of  claims 1-65  or  89-102 , wherein the fabric, after laundering in accordance with AATCC 61-2013 as carried out at about 105° F., has a grade of 5 for color change and a grade of 5 for staining of acetate, staining of cotton, staining of nylon, staining of polyester, staining of acrylic, and/or staining of wool, optionally wherein the fabric, after laundering in accordance with AATCC 61-2013 as carried out at about 120° F., has a grade of 5 for color change and a grade of 5 for staining of acetate, staining of cotton, staining of nylon, staining of polyester, staining of acrylic, and/or staining of wool. 
     
     
         104 . The fabric of any one of  claims 1-65  or  89-103 , wherein the fabric, after laundering in accordance with AATCC 61-2013 as carried out at about 105° F., has an improvement in grade for staining of one or more of acetate, cotton, nylon, polyester, acrylic, and wool compared to a control fabric devoid of a fiber dyed modacrylic fiber, optionally wherein the fabric, after laundering in accordance with AATCC 61-2013 as carried out at about 145° F., has an improvement in grade for color change and/or grade for staining of one or more of acetate, cotton, nylon, polyester, acrylic, and wool compared to a control fabric devoid of a fiber dyed modacrylic fiber. 
     
     
         105 . The fabric of any one of  claims 1-65  or  89-104 , wherein the fabric has a color, prior to an exposure test (e.g., prior to a xenon exposure test), having chromaticity coordinates as defined by ANSI/ISEA 107-2020 that fall within the chromaticity coordinates for fluorescent yellow-green, fluorescent orange-red, or fluorescent red, optionally wherein the color is measured in accordance with AATCC 16.3-2014. 
     
     
         106 . The fabric of any one of  claims 1-65  or  89-105 , wherein the fabric has a luminance factor, prior to an exposure test (e.g., prior to a xenon exposure test), of at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95%, optionally wherein the luminance factor is measured in accordance with ASTM E1 164-17. 
     
     
         107 . The fabric of any one of  claims 1-65  or  89-106 , wherein the fabric has a color, after an exposure test (e.g., a xenon exposure test), having chromaticity coordinates as defined by ANSI/ISEA 107-2020 that fall within the chromaticity coordinates for fluorescent yellow-green, fluorescent orange-red, or fluorescent red, optionally wherein the color is measured in accordance with AATCC 16.3-2014. 
     
     
         108 . The fabric of any one of  claims 1-65  or  89-107 , wherein the fabric has a luminance factor, after an exposure test (e.g., a xenon exposure test), of at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95%, optionally wherein the luminance factor is measured in accordance with ASTM E1164-17. 
     
     
         109 . The fabric of any one of  claims 1-65  or  89-108 , wherein the fabric has a colorfastness to crocking, wet and/or dry, having a grade of at least 3.0 or 4.0 by the Gray Scale for Staining when measured in accordance with AATCC 8-2016. 
     
     
         110 . The fabric of any one of  claims 1-65  or  89-109 , wherein the fabric has a colorfastness to perspiration having a grade of at least 4.0 for color change by the Gray Scale for Color Change and/or a grade of at least 3.0 or 4.0 for staining by the Gray Scale for Staining when measured in accordance with AATCC 15-2013. 
     
     
         111 . The fabric of any one of  claims 1-65  or  89-110 , wherein, after laundering, the fabric has a dimensional change in the warp direction and/or fill direction or machine direction and/or cross-machine direction that is within ± 7%, ± 6%, ± 5%, ± 4%, or ± 3%, as measured in accordance with AATCC 135-2018 (3) (III) (A) (iii), AATCC 158-2016 and/or AATCC 96-2012 (IIIc) (A) and/or (E) carried out at a temperature of about 105° F. to about 140° F., optionally wherein the laundering is performed in accordance with AATCC 135-2018 (3) (III) (A) (iii), AATCC 158-2016 (dry cleaning) and/or AATCC 96-2012 (commercial laundry) (IIIc) (A) and/or (E) at a temperature of about 120° F. to about 140° F. 
     
     
         112 . The fabric of any one of  claims 1-65  or  89-111 , wherein, after laundering, the fabric has a dimensional change in the warp direction and/or fill direction or machine direction and/or cross-machine direction that is reduced compared to dimensional change in the warp direction and/or fill direction or machine direction and/or cross-machine direction for a control fabric that is devoid of fiber dyed modacrylic fibers after the same laundering as measured in accordance with AATCC 135-2018 (3) (III) (A) (iii), AATCC 158-2016 and/or AATCC 96-2012 (IIIc) (A) and/or (E) carried out at a temperature of about 105° F. or 120° F. to about 140° F. 
     
     
         113 . The fabric of any one of  claims 1-65  or  89-112 , wherein the fabric has a tear strength in the warp direction and/or fill direction or machine direction and/or cross-machine direction of about 2.5, 3, 4, or 5 pound-force (Ibf) to about 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, or 15 lbf, optionally as measured in accordance with ASTM D1424. 
     
     
         114 . The fabric of any one of  claims 1-65  or  89-113 , wherein, after exposure to 500° F. for 5 minutes, the fabric has a shrinkage in the length and/or width direction of less than 10%, optionally as measured in accordance with Section 8.4 of NFPA 2112-2018 and/or ASTM F2894. 
     
     
         115 . A method of forming a garment (e.g., a shirt, pant, etc.), the method comprising: 
 providing the yarn of any one of  claims 66-88  or the fabric of any one of  claims 1-65  or  89-113 .   
     
     
         116 . Use of the yarn of any one of  claims 66-88  or the fabric of any one of  claims 1-65  or  89-113 in forming a garment (e.g., a shirt, pant, etc.).