Yarns and fabrics including elastomeric filaments

Abstract

Yarns including an elastomeric filament and fabrics including elastomeric filaments are described herein. A yarn may comprise an elastomeric filament and a blend of fibers, the blend of fibers comprising modacrylic fibers, meta-aramid fibers, anti-static fibers, and/or para-aramid fibers.

That which is claimed is: 
     
         1 . A fabric comprising:
 a first plurality of yarns, wherein each yarn of the first plurality of yarns comprises an elastomeric filament, modacrylic fibers, meta-aramid fibers, optionally anti-static fibers, and optionally para-aramid fibers,   wherein the fabric comprises:
 about 10% or 20% to about 60%, 70%, 80%, or 90% modacrylic fibers by weight of the fabric; 
 about 10%, 20%, 30%, or 40% to about 80% meta-aramid fibers by weight of the fabric; 
 about 0% or 0.1% to about 2% anti-static fibers by weight of the fabric; 
 about 0.1% to about 10% elastomeric filaments by weight of the fabric; and 
 about 0% or 0.1% to about 10% or 15% para-aramid fibers by weight of the fabric. 
   
     
     
         2 . The fabric of  claim 1 , wherein the fabric comprises less than 74% meta-aramid fibers by weight of the fabric, optionally wherein the fabric comprises less than 74% solution-dyed meta-aramid fibers by weight of the fabric. 
     
     
         3 . The fabric of  claim 1  or  2 , wherein the fabric comprises greater than 20% modacrylic fibers by weight of the fabric, optionally wherein the fabric comprises greater than 20% solution-dyed modacrylic fibers by weight of the fabric. 
     
     
         4 . The fabric of any one of  claims 1 - 3 , wherein the fabric comprises about 30% to about 50% modacrylic fibers by weight of the fabric; about 45% to about 65% meta-aramid fibers by weight of the fabric; about 0.1% to about 2% anti-static fibers by weight of the fabric; and about 1% to about 10% para-aramid fibers by weight of the fabric. 
     
     
         5 . The fabric of any one of  claims 1 - 3 , wherein the fabric comprises about 55% to about 74%, 80%, or 85% modacrylic fibers by weight of the fabric; about 10% to about 30% meta-aramid fibers by weight of the fabric; about 0.1% to about 2% anti-static fibers by weight of the fabric; and about 1% to about 15% para-aramid fibers by weight of the fabric. 
     
     
         6 . The fabric of any one of  claims 1 - 3 , wherein the fabric comprises about 60% to about 80% modacrylic fibers by weight of the fabric; about 10% to about 20% meta-aramid fibers by weight of the fabric; about 0.1% to about 2% anti-static fibers by weight of the fabric; and about 1% to about 15% para-aramid fibers by weight of the fabric. 
     
     
         7 . The fabric of any preceding claim, wherein the fabric comprises about 10% or 20% to about 60%, 70%, 80%, or 90% fiber dyed modacrylic fibers by weight of the fabric, optionally wherein the fiber dyed modacrylic fibers are solution-dyed modacrylic fibers by weight of the fabric. 
     
     
         8 . A fabric comprising:
 a first plurality of yarns, wherein each yarn of the first plurality of yarns comprises an elastomeric filament and fiber dyed modacrylic fibers blended with para-aramid fibers and/or anti-static fibers,   wherein the fabric comprises:   about 80% or 90% to about 99% fiber dyed modacrylic fibers by weight of the fabric;   about 0% or 0.1% to about 10% para-aramid fibers by weight of the fabric;   about 0% to about 2% anti-static fibers by weight of the fabric; and   about 0.1% to about 10% elastomeric filaments by weight of the fabric.   
     
     
         9 . The fabric of  claim 8 , wherein the fabric comprises para-aramid fibers, optionally wherein the para-aramid fibers are fiber dyed para-aramid fibers. 
     
     
         10 . The fabric of  claim 8  or  9 , wherein the fabric comprises anti-static fibers, optionally wherein the anti-static fibers are fiber dyed anti-static fibers. 
     
     
         11 . The fabric of any preceding claim, wherein the fabric comprises about 10% to about 60% single-ply yarns by weight of the fabric. 
     
     
         12 . The fabric of any preceding claim, wherein the fabric comprises warp yarns and fill yarns or machine direction yarns and cross-machine direction yarns, and the fill yarns or cross-machine direction yarns comprise single-ply yarns, optionally wherein the fill yarns or cross-machine direction yarns consist of single-ply yarns. 
     
     
         13 . The fabric of any preceding claim, wherein the first plurality of yarns comprises one or more yarns having a yarn size of about 12/1 or 15/1 to about 20/1, 24/1, or 30/1, optionally wherein the first plurality of yarns comprises one or more yarns having a yarn size of 12/1, 15/1, 17/1, 18/1, 20/1, 24/1, and/or 30/1. 
     
     
         14 . The fabric of any preceding claim, wherein the first plurality of yarns comprises one or more yarns having a yarn size of 30/2 and/or 40/2. 
     
     
         15 . The fabric of any preceding claim, wherein the fabric has about 20 to about 70 picks per inch (PPI) or courses per inch (CPI), optionally wherein the fabric has about 20 to 51 PPI or CPI. 
     
     
         16 . The fabric of any preceding claim, wherein the fabric is woven, optionally wherein the fabric has a plain weave, twill weave, or basketweave. 
     
     
         17 . The fabric of any one of  claims 1 - 15 , wherein the fabric is a knit, optionally wherein the fabric is an interlock knit, single jersey knit, double jersey knit, warp knit, rib knit, pique knit, and/or modified welt knit. 
     
     
         18 . The fabric of any preceding claim, wherein the modacrylic fibers, meta-aramid fibers, para-aramid fibers, and/or anti-static fibers are fiber dyed fibers (e.g., solution-dyed fibers), optionally wherein the modacrylic fibers, meta-aramid fibers, para-aramid fibers, and anti-static fibers are solution-dyed fibers. 
     
     
         19 . The fabric of any preceding claim, further comprising a second plurality of yarns that are different than the first plurality of yarns and the first plurality of yarns and the second plurality of yarns are interwoven, optionally wherein the second plurality of yarns are devoid of an elastomeric filament. 
     
     
         20 . The fabric of any preceding claim, wherein the fabric comprises about 60% or more fiber dyed fibers (e.g., solution-dyed fibers) by weight of the fabric, optionally wherein the fabric comprises greater than 80% fiber dyed fibers (e.g., solution-dyed fibers) by weight of the fabric, further optionally wherein 100% of the meta-aramid fibers, modacrylic fibers, anti-static fibers, and/or para-aramid fibers present in the fabric are fiber dyed fibers (e.g., solution-dyed fibers). 
     
     
         21 . The fabric of any preceding claim, wherein the fabric has a basis weight of about 2 or 4.5 ounces per square yard (osy) to about 10 or 15 osy. 
     
     
         22 . The fabric of any preceding claim, wherein the fabric can be stretched (e.g., elongated) by about 1% or 5% to about 10%, 20%, 30%, or 40% of its length in at least one dimension, optionally wherein the fabric has 2-way stretch in the width (e.g., fill) direction of the fabric. 
     
     
         23 . The fabric of any preceding claim, wherein the modacrylic fibers comprise an antimony oxide, optionally wherein the modacrylic fibers comprises antimony pentoxide. 
     
     
         24 . The fabric of any preceding claim, wherein the modacrylic fibers are formed from and/or comprises a polymer comprising acrylonitrile units and vinylidene chloride units. 
     
     
         25 . The fabric of any preceding claim, wherein the modacrylic fibers have a degree of crystallinity of at least 35%, optionally wherein the modacrylic fibers have a degree of crystallinity of at least 35% to about 40%, 41%, 42%, 43%, 44%, or 45%. 
     
     
         26 . The fabric of any preceding claim, wherein the meta-aramid fibers have a degree of crystallinity of less than 20% and/or are amorphous. 
     
     
         27 . The fabric of any one of  claim 1 - 7  or  11 - 26 , wherein the modacrylic fibers and meta-aramid fibers are present in the fabric in a weight ratio of about 1:2 to about 10:1 (modacrylic fibers:meta-aramid fibers), optionally wherein the weight ratio is about 1:2 to about 1:1, about 2:1 to about 10:1, about 2.5:1 to about 8:1, or about 3:1 to about 6:1 (modacrylic fibers:meta-aramid fibers). 
     
     
         28 . The fabric of any preceding claim, wherein each yarn of the first plurality of yarns has a core and includes an elastomeric filament in the core, optionally wherein each yarn of the first plurality of yarns is a core spun yarn, further optionally wherein the first plurality of yarns are weft yarns or cross-machine direction yarns. 
     
     
         29 . The fabric of any preceding claim, wherein the fabric has improved flame resistance compared to a control fabric, optionally wherein the control fabric is devoid of elastomeric filaments. 
     
     
         30 . The fabric of any preceding claim, wherein the fabric is flame resistant. 
     
     
         31 . The fabric of any preceding claim, wherein the fabric is UL compliant and/or the fabric meets or exceeds the requirements set forth in ASTM D6413, NFPA 70E, NFPA 2112, ASTM F1506, NFPA 1975, NFPA 1977, Canadian Standard CGSB 155.20, and/or Canadian Standard CGSB 155.22. 
     
     
         32 . The fabric of any preceding claim, wherein the fabric has an arc rating that is substantially the same as (e.g., within about +/−10% of) or improved compared to an arc rating for a control fabric, optionally wherein the control fabric is devoid of elastomeric filaments. 
     
     
         33 . The fabric of any preceding claim, wherein the fabric has a color, strength (e.g., tear strength and/or tensile strength), seam slippage, crock, size, flame resistance, and/or arc-flash resistance after about 50 or 100 launderings or more that is substantially the same as (e.g., within about +/−10% of) the color, strength (e.g., tear strength and/or tensile strength), seam slippage, crock, size, flame resistance, and/or arc-flash resistance of the fabric prior to laundering. 
     
     
         34 . The fabric of any preceding claim, wherein the fabric passes TM ASTM D4966 abrasion testing after about 100,000 or 200,000 cycles of fabric abrasion testing as measured in accordance with TM ASTM D4966. 
     
     
         35 . The fabric of any preceding claim, wherein the fabric has increased stretch (e.g., elongation, optionally as measured in accordance with ASTM D6614 and/or ASTM D3107) in at least one dimension (e.g., in the fill direction) compared to stretch of a control fabric in the same at least one dimension, optionally wherein the fabric has an elongation that is increased by at least about 10% compared elongation of a control fabric in at least one dimension. 
     
     
         36 . The fabric of any preceding claim, wherein the fabric has minimal or no discoloration after about 50 or 100 launderings or more compared to the color of the fabric prior to laundering and/or compared to a control fabric (e.g., a control fabric devoid of elastomeric filaments). 
     
     
         37 . The fabric of any preceding claim, wherein the fabric has a CIE Delta E of less than about 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, or 1 at about 3, 6, 9, or 12 months or more (e.g., 3, 6, 9, or 12 months or more of outdoor exposure) and/or after exposure to 880, 1320, or 2200 kJ in accordance with AATCC 169 Option 3. 
     
     
         38 . The fabric of any preceding claim, wherein the fabric has increased and/or improved strength (e.g., tear strength and/or tensile strength), seam slippage, crock, shade consistency, color fastness, arc-flash resistance, and/or laundering properties compared to strength (e.g., tear strength and/or tensile strength), seam slippage, crock, shade consistency, color fastness, arc-flash resistance, and/or laundering properties for a control fabric, optionally wherein the control fabric is devoid of elastomeric filaments. 
     
     
         39 . The fabric of any preceding claim, wherein the first plurality of yarns comprise staple fibers, optionally wherein at least a portion of the staple fibers have a length of about 50 mm to about 55 mm, a linear density of about 1.5 dtex to about 2.0 dtex, and/or a limiting oxygen index (LOI) of at least about 28%. 
     
     
         40 . The fabric of any preceding claim, wherein the fabric has a seam slippage in the warp direction and/or fill direction or machine direction and/or cross-machine direction of greater than 50 lbf, as measured in accordance with ASTM D434. 
     
     
         41 . The fabric of any preceding claim, wherein the fabric has a tear strength in the warp direction and/or fill direction or machine direction and/or cross-machine direction of at least about 6.5 lbf, as measured in accordance with ASTM D2261. 
     
     
         42 . The fabric of any preceding claim, wherein the fabric has a tensile strength in the warp direction and/or fill direction or machine direction and/or cross-machine direction of at least about 85 lbf, as measured in accordance with ASTM D5034. 
     
     
         43 . The fabric of any preceding claim, wherein the fabric does not melt or drip, has an after-flame of less than 2 seconds, and has a char length of less than 6 inches, as tested in accordance with ASTM F1506 and/or ASTM D6413. 
     
     
         44 . The fabric of  claim 43 , wherein the fabric, after 25 launderings, does not melt or drip, has an after-flame of less than 2 seconds, and has a char length of less than 6 inches, as tested in accordance with ASTM test method D6413. 
     
     
         45 . The fabric of any preceding claim, wherein the fabric has a laundering rating of at least 4, as measured in accordance with TM AATCC 61 2A. 
     
     
         46 . The fabric of any preceding claim, wherein the fabric has a protection to weight ratio of about 1 or more (arc rating (cal/cm 2 ) as measured in accordance with NFPA 70E:weight of the fabric). 
     
     
         47 . The fabric of any preceding claim, wherein the fabric is devoid of cellulosic fibers and/or nylon fibers that are not anti-static fibers. 
     
     
         48 . The fabric of any preceding claim, wherein the fabric is not treated with a coloring agent (e.g., a dye) and/or wherein each yarn of the first plurality of yarns is devoid of a post-formation dye. 
     
     
         49 . The fabric of any preceding claim, wherein the fabric meets or exceeds the requirements set forth in ANSI/ISEA 107-2020, ISO 20471:2013, ASTM E1164-17, AATCC 61-2013 (e.g., AATCC 61-2013-2A, AATCC 61-2013-3A, AATCC 61-2013-4A, AATCC 61-2013-5A) optionally as carried out at 105° F. and/or 145° F., AATCC 132-2013, AATCC 133-2013 as carried out at 230° F., 302° F., and/or 392° F., AATCC 8-2016, AATCC 15-2013, ASTM D1424-09 (2019), ASTM D3787-07 (2016), ASTM D6797-07 (2015), AATCC 135-2018, AATCC 96-2012, and/or AATCC 107-2013. 
     
     
         50 . The fabric of any preceding claim, wherein the fabric, after laundering in accordance with AATCC 61-2013 as carried out at about 105° F., has a grade of 4-5 or 5 for color change, optionally wherein the fabric, after laundering in accordance with AATCC 61-2013 as carried out at about 120° F., has a grade of at least 4-5 or 5 for color change. 
     
     
         51 . The fabric of any preceding claim, wherein the fabric, after laundering in accordance with AATCC 61-2013 as carried out at about 105° F., has a grade of 4, 4-5, or 5 for staining of acetate, staining of cotton, staining of nylon, staining of polyester, staining of acrylic, and/or staining of wool, optionally wherein the fabric, after laundering in accordance with AATCC 61-2013 as carried out at about 120° F., has a grade of 4, 4-5, or 5 for staining of acetate, staining of cotton, staining of nylon, staining of polyester, staining of acrylic, and/or staining of wool. 
     
     
         52 . The fabric of any preceding claim, wherein the fabric, after laundering in accordance with AATCC 61-2013 as carried out at about 105° F., has a grade of 5 for color change and a grade of 5 for staining of acetate, staining of cotton, staining of nylon, staining of polyester, staining of acrylic, and/or staining of wool, optionally wherein the fabric, after laundering in accordance with AATCC 61-2013 as carried out at about 120° F., has a grade of 5 for color change and a grade of 5 for staining of acetate, staining of cotton, staining of nylon, staining of polyester, staining of acrylic, and/or staining of wool. 
     
     
         53 . The fabric of any preceding claim, wherein the fabric, after laundering in accordance with AATCC 61-2013 as carried out at about 105° F., has an improvement in grade for staining of one or more of acetate, cotton, nylon, polyester, acrylic, and wool compared to a control fabric devoid of a fiber dyed modacrylic fiber, optionally wherein the fabric, after laundering in accordance with AATCC 61-2013 as carried out at about 145° F., has an improvement in grade for color change and/or grade for staining of one or more of acetate, cotton, nylon, polyester, acrylic, and wool compared to a control fabric devoid of a fiber dyed modacrylic fiber. 
     
     
         54 . The fabric of any preceding claim, wherein the fabric has a color, prior to an exposure test (e.g., prior to a xenon exposure test), having chromaticity coordinates as defined by ANSI/ISEA 107-2020 that fall within the chromaticity coordinates for fluorescent yellow-green, fluorescent orange-red, or fluorescent red, optionally wherein the color is measured in accordance with AATCC 16.3-2014. 
     
     
         55 . The fabric of any preceding claim, wherein the fabric has a luminance factor, prior to an exposure test (e.g., prior to a xenon exposure test), of at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95%, optionally wherein the luminance factor is measured in accordance with ASTM E1164-17. 
     
     
         56 . The fabric of any preceding claim, wherein the fabric has a color, after an exposure test (e.g., a xenon exposure test), having chromaticity coordinates as defined by ANSI/ISEA 107-2020 that fall within the chromaticity coordinates for fluorescent yellow-green, fluorescent orange-red, or fluorescent red, optionally wherein the color is measured in accordance with AATCC 16.3-2014. 
     
     
         57 . The fabric of any preceding claim, wherein the fabric has a luminance factor, after an exposure test (e.g., a xenon exposure test), of at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95%, optionally wherein the luminance factor is measured in accordance with ASTM E1164-17. 
     
     
         58 . The fabric of any preceding claim, wherein the fabric has a colorfastness to crocking, wet and/or dry, having a grade of at least 3.0 or 4.0 by the Gray Scale for Staining when measured in accordance with AATCC 8-2016. 
     
     
         59 . The fabric of any preceding claim, wherein the fabric has a colorfastness to perspiration having a grade of at least 4.0 for color change by the Gray Scale for Color Change and/or a grade of at least 3.0 or 4.0 for staining by the Gray Scale for Staining when measured in accordance with AATCC 15-2013. 
     
     
         60 . The fabric of any preceding claim, wherein, after laundering, the fabric has a dimensional change in the warp direction and/or fill direction or machine direction and/or cross-machine direction that is within ±7%, ±6%, ±5%, ±4%, or ±3%, as measured in accordance with AATCC 135-2018 (3) (III) (A) (iii), AATCC 158-2016 and/or AATCC 96-2012 (Mc) (A) and/or (E) carried out at a temperature of about 105° F. to about 140° F., optionally wherein the laundering is performed in accordance with AATCC 135-2018 (3) (III) (A) (iii), AATCC 158-2016 (dry cleaning) and/or AATCC 96-2012 (commercial laundry) (Mc) (A) and/or (E) at a temperature of about 120° F. to about 140° F. 
     
     
         61 . The fabric of any preceding claim, wherein, after laundering, the fabric has a dimensional change in the warp direction and/or fill direction or machine direction and/or cross-machine direction that is reduced compared to dimensional change in the warp direction and/or fill direction or machine direction and/or cross-machine direction for a control fabric that is devoid of fiber dyed modacrylic fibers after the same laundering as measured in accordance with AATCC 135-2018 (3) (III) (A) (iii), AATCC 158-2016 and/or AATCC 96-2012 (Mc) (A) and/or (E) carried out at a temperature of about 105° F. or 120° F. to about 140° F. 
     
     
         62 . The fabric of any preceding claim, wherein the fabric has a tear strength in the warp direction and/or fill direction or machine direction and/or cross-machine direction of about 2.5, 3, 4, or 5 pound-force (lbf) to about 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, or 15 lbf, optionally as measured in accordance with ASTM D1424. 
     
     
         63 . A yarn comprising:
 an elastomeric filament; and   a blend of fibers, the blend of fibers comprising modacrylic fibers, meta-aramid fibers, anti-static fibers, and/or para-aramid fibers.   
     
     
         64 . The yarn of  claim 63 , wherein the yarn has a core and the elastomeric filament is present in the core. 
     
     
         65 . The yarn of  claim 64 , wherein the blend of fibers is present around at least a portion of the core. 
     
     
         66 . The yarn of any one of  claims 63 - 65 , wherein the yarn is a core spun yarn. 
     
     
         67 . The yarn of any one of  claims 63 - 66 , wherein the elastomeric filament is present in the yarn in an amount of about 0.1% to about 30% by weight of yarn. 
     
     
         68 . The yarn of any one of  claims 63 - 67 , wherein the blend of fibers comprises:
 about 10% or 20% to about 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, or 99% modacrylic fibers by weight of the blend;   about 10%, 20%, 30%, or 40% to about 80% meta-aramid fibers by weight of the blend;   about 0% or 0.1% to about 2% anti-static fibers by weight of the blend; and   about 0% or 0.1% to about 10% or 15% para-aramid fibers by weight of the blend.   
     
     
         69 . The yarn of any one of  claims 63 - 68 , wherein the blend of fibers comprises modacrylic fibers, meta-aramid fibers, anti-static fibers, and para-aramid fibers 
     
     
         70 . The yarn of any one of  claims 63 - 69 , wherein the yarn comprises greater than 20% to about 60% or 80% modacrylic fibers by weight of the yarn. 
     
     
         71 . The yarn of any one of  claims 63 - 70 , wherein the yarn comprises less than 74% meta-aramid fibers by weight of the yarn. 
     
     
         72 . The yarn of any one of  claims 63 - 71 , wherein the blend of fibers comprises:
 about 30% to about 50% modacrylic fibers by weight of the blend;   about 45% to about 65% meta-aramid fibers by weight of the blend;   about 0.1% to about 2% anti-static fibers by weight of the blend; and   about 1% to about 10% para-aramid fibers by weight of the fabric.   
     
     
         73 . The yarn of any one of  claims 63 - 71 , wherein the blend of fibers comprises:
 about 55% to about 74%, 80%, or 85% modacrylic fibers by weight of the blend;   about 10% to about 30% meta-aramid fibers by weight of the blend;   about 0.1% to about 2% anti-static fibers by weight of the blend; and   about 1% to about 15% para-aramid fibers by weight of the blend.   
     
     
         74 . The yarn of any one of  claims 63 - 71 , wherein the blend of fibers comprises:
 about 60% to about 80% modacrylic fibers by weight of the blend;   about 10% to about 20% meta-aramid fibers by weight of the blend;   about 0.1% to about 2% anti-static fibers by weight of the blend; and   about 1% to about 15% para-aramid fibers by weight of the blend.   
     
     
         75 . The yarn of any one of  claims 63 - 74 , wherein the meta-aramid fibers and/or para-aramid fibers are fiber dyed fibers (e.g., solution-dyed fibers), optionally wherein the meta-aramid fibers, para-aramid fibers, and/or anti-static fibers are solution-dyed fibers. 
     
     
         76 . The yarn of any one of  claims 63 - 75 , wherein the modacrylic fibers comprise fiber dyed modacrylic fibers, optionally wherein the fiber dyed modacrylic fibers are solution-dyed modacrylic fibers. 
     
     
         77 . The yarn of any one of  claims 63 - 71 , wherein the blend of fibers comprises:
 about 80% or 90% to about 99% fiber dyed modacrylic fibers by weight of the blend;   about 0% or 0.1% to about 10% para-aramid fibers by weight of the blend;   about 0% to about 2% anti-static fibers by weight of the blend; and   about 0.1% to about 10% elastomeric filaments by weight of the blend.   
     
     
         78 . The yarn of  claim 77 , wherein the blend of fibers comprises para-aramid fibers, optionally wherein the para-aramid fibers are fiber dyed para-aramid fibers. 
     
     
         79 . The yarn of  claim 77  or  78 , wherein the blend of fibers comprises anti-static fibers, optionally wherein the anti-static fibers are fiber dyed anti-static fibers. 
     
     
         80 . The yarn of any one of  claims 63 - 79 , wherein the yarn comprises about 75% or more solution-dyed fibers by weight of the fabric, optionally wherein the fabric comprises greater than 80% solution-dyed fibers by weight of the fabric, further optionally wherein 100% of the meta-aramid fibers, para-aramid fibers, anti-static fibers, and/or modacrylic fibers present in the fabric are solution-dyed fibers. 
     
     
         81 . The yarn of any one of  claims 63 - 80 , wherein the blend of fibers consists of solution-dyed fibers. 
     
     
         82 . The yarn of any one of  claims 63 - 81 , wherein yarn comprise staple fibers, optionally wherein the staple fibers have a length of about 50 mm to about 55 mm, a linear density of about 1.5 dtex to about 2.0 dtex, and/or a limiting oxygen index (LOI) of at least about 28%. 
     
     
         83 . The yarn of any one of  claims 63 - 82 , wherein the modacrylic fibers comprise an antimony oxide, optionally wherein the modacrylic fibers comprises antimony pentoxide. 
     
     
         84 . The yarn of any one of  claims 63 - 83 , wherein the modacrylic fibers are formed from and/or comprises a polymer comprising acrylonitrile units and vinylidene chloride units. 
     
     
         85 . The yarn of any one of  claims 63 - 84 , wherein the modacrylic fibers have a degree of crystallinity of at least 35%, optionally wherein the modacrylic fibers have a degree of crystallinity of at least 35% to about 40%, 41%, 42%, 43%, 44%, or 45%. 
     
     
         86 . The yarn of any one of  claims 63 - 85 , wherein the meta-aramid fibers have a degree of crystallinity of less than 20% and/or are amorphous. 
     
     
         87 . The yarn of any one of  claims 63 - 86 , wherein the modacrylic fibers and meta-aramid fibers are present in the yarn in a weight ratio of about 1:2 to about 10:1 (modacrylic fibers:meta-aramid fibers), optionally wherein the weight ratio is about 1:2 to about 1:1, about 2:1 to about 10:1, about 2.5:1 to about 8:1, or about 3:1 to about 6:1 (modacrylic fibers:meta-aramid fibers). 
     
     
         88 . A method of forming a garment (e.g., a shirt, pant, etc.), the method comprising:
 providing the fabric of any one of  claims 1 - 62  or the yarn of any one of  claims 63 - 87     
     
     
         89 . Use of the fabric of any one of  claims 1 - 62  or the yarn of any one of  claims 63 - 87  in forming a garment (e.g., a shirt, pant, etc.).