MEMBRANE ELECTRODE ASSEMBLY FOR COx REDUCTION

Abstract

Provided herein are membrane electrode assemblies (MEAs) for COx reduction and carbon dioxide reduction reactors (CRRs) that include MEAs.

1 . A membrane electrode assembly comprising:
 a cathode catalyst layer;   an anode catalyst layer; and   a bipolar membrane disposed between the cathode catalyst layer and the anode catalyst layer, wherein the bipolar membrane comprises an anion-conducting polymer layer, a cation-conducting polymer layer, and a bipolar interface between the anion-conducting polymer layer and the cation-conducting polymer layer, wherein the cation-conducting polymer layer is disposed between the anode catalyst layer and the anion-conducting polymer layer, and wherein the bipolar interface is characterized by or comprises one or more of:
 covalent cross-linking of the cation-conducting polymer layer with the anion-conducting polymer layer; 
 interpenetration of the anion-conducting polymer layer and the cation-conducting polymer layer; and 
 a layer of a second anion-conducting polymer, wherein the ion exchange capacity of the second anion-conducting polymer is higher than the ion exchange capacity of the anion-conducting polymer of the anion-conducting polymer layer. 
   
     
     
         2 . The membrane electrode assembly of  claim 1 , wherein the bipolar interface is characterized by interpenetration of the anion-conducting polymer layer and the cation-conducting polymer layer and wherein the bipolar interface comprises protrusions having a dimension of between 10 μm-1 mm in a plane parallel to the anion-conducting polymer layer (the in-plane dimension). 
     
     
         3 . The membrane electrode assembly of  claim 1 , wherein the bipolar interface is characterized by interpenetration of the anion-conducting polymer layer and the cation-conducting polymer layer and wherein the bipolar interface comprises protrusions each having a thickness of between 10% to 75% of the total thickness of the anion-conducting polymer layer. 
     
     
         4 . The membrane electrode assembly of  claim 1 , wherein the bipolar interface is characterized by interpenetration of the anion-conducting polymer layer and the cation-conducting polymer layer and wherein the bipolar interface comprises a gradient of the anion-conducting polymer and/or the cation-conducting polymer. 
     
     
         5 . The membrane electrode assembly of  claim 1 , wherein the bipolar interface is characterized by interpenetration of the anion-conducting polymer layer and the cation-conducting polymer layer and wherein the bipolar interface comprises a mixture of the anion-conducting polymer and/or the cation-conducting polymer. 
     
     
         6 . The membrane electrode assembly of  claim 1 , wherein the bipolar interface comprises a layer of a second anion-conducting polymer, and further wherein the thickness of the layer of the second anion-conducting polymer is between 0.1% and 10% of the thickness of the anion-conducting polymer layer. 
     
     
         7 . The membrane electrode assembly of  claim 1 , wherein the bipolar interface comprises a layer of a second anion-conducting polymer and further wherein the second anion-conducting polymer has an ion exchange capacity (IEC) of between 2.5 and 3.0 mmol/g. 
     
     
         8 . The membrane electrode assembly of  claim 7 , wherein the anion-conducting polymer has an IEC of between 1.5 and 2.5 mmol/g. 
     
     
         9 . The membrane electrode assembly of  claim 1 , wherein the bipolar interface comprises a layer of a second anion-conducting polymer and wherein the second anion-conducting polymer has a lower water uptake than that of the anion-conducting polymer of the anion-conducting polymer layer. 
     
     
         10 . The membrane electrode assembly of  claim 1 , wherein the bipolar interface comprises covalent crosslinking of the cation-conducting polymer layer and anion-conducting polymer layer and wherein the covalent crosslinking comprises a material comprising a structure of one of formulas (I)-(V): 
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
       
       or a salt thereof,
 wherein: 
 each of R 7 , R 8 , R 9 , and R 10  is, independently, an electron-withdrawing moiety, H, optionally substituted aliphatic, alkyl, heteroaliphatic, heteroalkylene, aromatic, aryl, or arylalkylene, wherein at least one of R 7  or R 8  can include the electron-withdrawing moiety or wherein a combination of R 7  and R 8  or R 9  and R 10  can be taken together to form an optionally substituted cyclic group; 
 Ar comprises or is an optionally substituted aromatic or arylene; 
 each of n is, independently, an integer of 1 or more; 
 each of rings a-c can be optionally substituted; and 
 rings a-c, R 7 , R 8 , R 9 , and R 10  can optionally comprise an ionizable or ionic moiety. 
 
     
     
         11 . The membrane electrode assembly of  claim 10 , wherein R 7  or R 8  comprises the electron-withdrawing moiety selected from the group consisting of an optionally substituted haloalkyl, cyano, phosphate, sulfate, sulfonic acid, sulfonyl, difluoroboranyl, borono, thiocyanato, and piperidinium. 
     
     
         12 . The membrane electrode assembly of  claim 1 , wherein the bipolar interface comprises covalent crosslinking of the cation-conducting polymer layer and anion-conducting polymer layer and wherein the covalent crosslinking comprises a material comprising a structure of one of the following formulas: 
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
       
       or a salt thereof, wherein:
 Ar is or comprises an optionally substituted arylene or aromatic; 
 Ak is or comprises an optionally substituted alkylene, haloalkylene, aliphatic, heteroalkylene, or heteroaliphatic; and 
 L is a linking moiety, and 
 wherein one or Ar, Ak, and/or L is optionally substituted with one or more ionizable or ionic moieties. 
 
     
     
         13 . The membrane electrode assembly of  claim 1 , wherein the bipolar interface comprises covalent crosslinking of the cation-conducting polymer layer and anion-conducting polymer layer and wherein the covalent crosslinking comprises a crosslinker comprising a structure of one of the following formulas: 
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
       
       wherein:
 Ak is an optionally substituted aliphatic or an optionally substituted alkylene; 
 Ar is an optionally substituted aromatic or an optionally substituted arylene; 
 L is a linking moiety; 
 L3 is an integer that is 2 or more; and 
 X′ is absent, —O—, —NR N1 —, —C(O)—, or -Ak-, in which R N1  is H or optionally substituted alkyl, and Ak is optionally substituted alkylene, optionally substituted heteroalkylene, optionally substituted aliphatic, or optionally substituted heteroaliphatic. 
 
     
     
         14 . The membrane electrode assembly of  claim 10 , wherein the covalent crosslinking comprises a material comprising one or more ionizable or ionic moieties selected from the group consisting of -L A -X A , -L A -(L A′ -X A ) L2 , -L A -(X A -L A′ -X A′ ) L2 , and -L A -X A -L A′ -X A′ -L A″ -X A″ ; 
       wherein:
 each L A , L A′ , and L A″  is, independently, a linking moiety; 
 each X A , X A′ , and X A″  comprises, independently, an acidic moiety, a basic moiety, a multi-ionic moiety, a cationic moiety, or an anionic moiety; and 
 L2 is an integer of 1 or more. 
 
     
     
         15 . The membrane electrode assembly of  claim 14 , wherein each X A , X A′ , and X A″  comprises, independently, carboxy, carboxylate anion, guanidinium cation, sulfo, sulfonate anion, sulfonium cation, sulfate, sulfate anion, phosphono, phosphonate anion, phosphate, phosphate anion, phosphonium cation, phosphazenium cation, amino, ammonium cation, heterocyclic cation, or a salt form thereof. 
     
     
         16 . The membrane electrode assembly of  claim 12 , wherein the linking moiety comprises a covalent bond, spirocyclic bond, —O—, —NR N1 —, —C(O)—, —C(O)O—, —OC(O)—, —SO 2 —, optionally substituted aliphatic, alkylene, alkyleneoxy, haloalkylene, hydroxyalkylene, heteroaliphatic, heteroalkylene, aromatic, arylene, aryleneoxy, heteroaromatic, heterocycle, or heterocyclyldiyl. 
     
     
         17 . A membrane electrode assembly comprising:
 a cathode layer;   an anode layer; and   a bipolar membrane disposed between the cathode layer and the anode layer, wherein the bipolar membrane comprises a cation-conducting polymer layer and an anion-conducting polymer layer, wherein the cation-conducting polymer layer is disposed between the anode layer and the anion-conducting polymer layer, and wherein the thickness of the anion-conducting polymer layer is between 5 and 80 micrometers.   
     
     
         18 . The membrane electrode assembly of  claim 17 , wherein the thickness of the anion-conducting polymer layer is between 5 and 50 micrometers. 
     
     
         19 . The membrane electrode assembly of  claim 17 , wherein the thickness of the anion-conducting polymer layer is between 5 and 40 micrometers. 
     
     
         20 . The membrane electrode assembly of  claim 17 , wherein the thickness of the anion-conducting polymer layer is between 5 and 30 micrometers.