Posterior segment drug delivery

Abstract

A therapeutic device to release a therapeutic agent comprises a porous structure coupled to a container comprising a reservoir. The reservoir comprises a volume sized to release therapeutic amounts of the therapeutic agent for an extended time when coupled to the porous structure and implanted in the patient. The porous structure may comprise a first side coupled to the reservoir and a second side to couple to the patient to release the therapeutic agent. A plurality of interconnecting channels can extend from the first side to the second side so as to connect a first a plurality of openings on the first side with a second plurality of openings on the second side. TABLE 1A Therapeutic Agent List Generic Name Brands (Companies) Category Indication Molecular Weight 2-Methoxyestradiol analogs (Paloma Pharmaceuticals) Angiogenesis inhibitors AMD 3-aminothalidomide 13-cis retinoic acid Accutane™ (Roche Pharmaceuticals) A0003 (Aqumen BioPharmaceuticals) A0003 AMD A5b1 integrin inhibitor (Jerini Ophthalmic); (Ophthotech) Inhibitors of a5b1 integrin AMD Abarelix Plenaxis™(Praecis Pharmaceuticals) Anti-Testosterone Agents; Antineoplastic Agents For palliative treatment of advanced prostate cancer. 37731 Abatacept Orencia™(Bristol-Myers Squibb) Antirheumatic Agents For the second line reduction of the signs and symptoms of moderate-to-severe active rheumatoid arthritis, inducing inducing major clinical response, slowing the progression of structural damage, and improving physical function in adult patients who have 37697 Abciximab ReoPro™; ReoPro™ (Centocor) Anticoagulants; Antiplatelet Agents For treatment of myocardial infarction, adjunct to percutaneous 2oronary intervention, unstable angina 42632 ABT-578 (Abbott Laboratories) Limus Immunophilin Binding Compounds Acetonide Adalimumab Humira™ (Abbott Laboratories) Antirheumatic Agents; Immunomodulatory Agents For treatment of rheumatoid arthritis 25645 Aldesleukin Proleukin™; Proleukin™ (Chiron Corp) Antineoplastic Agents For treatment of adults with metastatic renal cell carcinoma 61118 Alefacept Amevive™ Immunomodulatory Agents; Immunosuppressive Agents For treatment of moderate to severe chronic plaque psoriasis 42632 Alemtuzumab Campath™; Campath™ (ILEX Pharmaceuticals LP); MabCampath™ Antineoplastic Agents For treatment of B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia 6614 Alpha-1-proteinase inhibitor Aralast™ (Baxter); Prolastin™ (Talecris Biotherapeutics C formerly Bayer) Enzyme Replacement Agents For treatment of panacinar emphysema 28518 Alteplase Activase™ (Genentech Inc) Thrombolytic Agents For management of acute myocardial infarction, acute ischemic strok and for lysis of acute pulmonary emboli 54732 AMG-1470 Anakinra Kineret™ (Amgen Inc) Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Antirheumatic Agents; Immunomodulatory Agents For the treatment of adult rheumatoid arthritis. 65403 Anecortave acetate Angiostatin Anistreplase Eminase™ (Wulfing Pharma GmbH) Thrombolytic Agents For lysis of acute pulmonary emboli, intracoronary emboli and management of myocardial infarction 54732 Anti-angiogenesis peptides (Eyecopharm) Anti-angiogenesis peptides AMD Anti-angiogenesis antibodies, TRC093, TRC105 (TRACON Pharma) Anti-angiogenesis antibodies AMD Anti-angiogeric bifunctional protein Icon-1™ (Iconic Therapeutics) Anti-angiogeric bifunctional protein, Icon-1 AMD Anti-endothelial growth factor Antihemophilic Factor Advate™; Alphanate™; Bioclate™; Helixate™; Helixate FS™; Hemofil M™; Humate-P™; Coagulants; Thrombotic Agents For the treatment of hemophilia A, von Willebrand diseae and Factor XIII deficiency 70037 Hyate:C™; Koate-HP™; Kogenate™; Kogenate FS™; Monarc-M™; Monoclate-P™; ReFacto™; Xyntha™ Antithymocyte globulin Genzyme); Thymoglobulin™ (SangStat Medical Immunomodulatory Agents For prevention of renal transplant rejection 37173 Anti-hypertensive MC1101 (MacuCLEAR) Anti-hypertensive MC1101 AMD Anti-platelet devired growth factor Anti-VEGF (Neurotech); Avastin™ (NeoVista) Anti-VEGF AMD AP23841 (Ariad) Limus Immunophilin Binding Compounds Aprotinin Trasylol™ Antifibrinolytic Agents For prophylactic use to reduce perioperative blood loss and the need for blood transfusion in patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass in the course of coronary artery bypass graft surgery who are at an increased risk for blood loss and blood transfusio 90569 Arcitumomab CEA-Scan™ Diagnostic Agents; Imaging Agents For imaging colorectal tumors 57561 Asparaginase Elspar™ (Merck & Co. Inc) Antineoplastic Agents For treatment of acute lympocytic leukemia and non-Hodgkins lymphoma 132.118 Axitinib Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors 386 Basiliximab Simulect™ (Novartis Pharmaceuticals) Immunomodulatory Agents; Immunosuppressive Agents For prophylactic treatment of kidney transplant rejection 61118 Becaplermin Regranex™; Regranex™ (OMJ Pharmaceuticals) Anti-Ulcer Agents; Topical For topical treatment of skin ulcers (from diabetes) 123969 Bevacizumab Avastin™; Avastin™ (Genentech Inc) Antiangiogenesis Agents; Antineoplastic Agents For treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer 27043 Bivalirudin Angiomax™; Angiomax™ (Medicines Co or MDCO); Angiox™ Anticoagulants; Antithrombotic Agents For treatment of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia 70037 Bortezomib Proteosome Inhibitors Bosutinib Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors 530 Botulinum Toxin Type A BOTOX™(Allegran Inc); BOTOX Cosmetic™ (Allegran Inc); Botox™; Dysport™ Anti-Wrinkle Agents; Antidystonic Agents; Neuromuscular Blocking Agents For the treatment of cervical dystonia in adults to decrease the severity of abnormal head position and neck pain associated with cervical dystonia. Also for the treatment of severe primary axillary hyperhidrosis that is inadequately managed with topical 23315 Botulinum Toxin Type B Myobloc™ (Solstice Neurosciences); Neurobloc™ (Solstice Neurosciences) Antidystonic Agents For the treatment of patients with cervical dystonia to reduce the severity of abnormal head position and neck pain associated with cervical dystonia. 12902 C5 inhibitor (Jerini Ophthalmic) ; (Ophthotech) Inhibitors of C5 AMD Canstatin Capromab ProstaScint™ (Cytogen Corp) Imaging Agents For diagnosis of prostate cancer and detection of intra-pelvic metastases 84331 Captopril ACE Inhibitors CCI-779 (Wyeth) Limus Immunophilin Binding Compounds Cediranib Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors 450 Celecoxib Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors Cetrorelix Cetrotide™ Hormone Antagonists; Infertility Agents For the inhibition of premature LH surges in women undergoing controlled ovarian stimulation 78617 Cetuximab Erbitux™; Erbitux™ (ImClone Systems Inc) Antineoplastic Agents For treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer. 42632 Choriogonadotropin alfa Novarel™; Ovidrel™; Pregnyl™; Profasi™ Fertility Agents; Gonadotropins For the treatment of female infertility 78617 Cilary neurotrophic factor (Neurotech) Cilary neurotrophic factor AMD Coagulation Factor IX Benefix™ (Genetics Institute) Coagulants; Thrombotic Agents For treatment of hemophilia (Christmas disease). 267012 Coagulation factor VIIa NovoSeven™ (Novo Nordisk) Coagulants; Thrombotic Agents For treatment of hemorrhagic complications in hemophilia A and B 54732 Colchicines Collagenase Cordase™; Santyl™ (Advance Biofactures Corp); Xiaflextm™ Anti-Ulcer Agents; Topical For treatment of chronic dermal ulcers and severe skin burns 138885 Complement factor H recombinant (Optherion); (Taligen Therapeutics) Complement factor H recombinant AMD Compstatin derivative peptide, POT-4 (Potentia Pharmaceuticals) Complement Factor C3 Inhibitors; Compstatin Derivative Peptides AMD Corticotropin ACTH™; Acethropan™; Acortan™; Acthar™; Exacthin™; H.P. Acthar Gel™; Isactid™; Purified cortrophin gel™; Reacthin™; Solacthyl™; Tubex Diagnostic Agents For use as a diagnostic agent in the screening of patients presumed to have adrenocortical insufficiency. 33927 Cosyntropin Cortrosyn™; Synacthen depot™ Diagnostic Agents For use as a diagnostic agent in the screening of patients presumed to have adrenocortical insufficiency. 33927 Cyclophilins Limus Immunophilin Binding Compounds Cyclosporine Gengraf™ (Abbott labs); Neoral™ (Novartis); Restasis™; Restasis™ (Allergan Inc); Sandimmune™ (Novartis); Sangcya™ Antifungal Agents; Antirheumatic Agents; Dermatologic Agents; Enzyme Inhibitors; Immunomodulatory Agents; Immunosuppressive Agents For treatment of transplant rejection, rheumatoid arthritis, severe psoriasis 32953 Daclizumab Zenapax™ (Hoffmann-La Roche Inc) Immunomodulatory Agents; Immunosuppressive Agents For prevention of renal transplant rejection 61118 Darbepoetin alfa Aranesp™ (Amgen Inc.) Antianemic Agents For the treatment of anemia (from renal transplants or certain HIV treatment) 55066 Dasatinib Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors 488 Defibrotide Dasovas™; Noravid™; Prociclide™ Antithrombotic Agents Defibrotide is used to treat or prevent a failure of normal blood flow (occlusive venous disease, OVD) in the liver of patients who have had bone marrow transplants or received certain drugs such as oral estrogens, mercaptopurine, and many others. 36512 Denileukin diftitox Ontak™ Antineoplastic Agents For treatment of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma 61118 Desmopressin Adiuretin™; Concentraid™; Stimate™ Antidiuretic Agents; Hemostatics; Renal Agents For the management of primary nocturnal enuresis and indicated as antidiuretic replacement therapy in the management of central diabetes insipidus and for the management of the temporary polyuria and polydipsia following head trauma or surgery in the pitu 46800 Dexamethasone Ozurdex™ (Allergan) Glucocorticoid DME, inflammation, macular edema following branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO) or central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO) 392 Diclofenac Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors Dithiocarbamate NFκB Inhibitor Dornase Alfa Dilor™; Dilor-400™; Lufyllin™; Lufyllin-400™; Neothylline™; Pulmozyme™ (Genentech Inc) Enzyme Replacement Agents For the treatment of cystic fibrosis. 7656 (double strand) Drotrecogin alfa Xigris™; Xigris™ (Eli Lilly & Co) Antisepsis Agents For treatment of severe sepsis 267012 Eculizumab Soliris™; Soliris™ (Alexion Pharmaceuticals) For the treatment of patients with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) to reduce hemolysis. 188333 Efalizumab Raptiva™; Raptiva™ (Genentech Inc) Immunomodulatory Agents; Immunosuppressive Agents For the treatment of adult patients with moderate to severe chronic plaque psoriasis, who are candidates for phototherapy or systemic therapy. 128771 Endostatin Enfuvirtide Fuzeon™; Fuzeon™ (Roche Pharmaceuticals) Anti-HIV Agents; HIV Fusion Inhibitors For treatment of HIV AIDS 16768 Epoetin alfa Epogen™ (Amgen Inc.); Epogin™ (Chugai); Epomax™ (Elanex); Eprex™ (Janssen-Cilag. Ortho Biologics LLC); NeoRecormon™ (Roche); Procrit™ (Ortho Biotech); Recormon™ (Roche) Antianemic Agents For treatment of anemia (from renal transplants or certain HIV treatment) 55066 Eptifibatide Integrilin™; Integrilin™ (Millennium Pharm) Anticoagulants; Antiplatelet Agents; Platelet For treatment of myocardial infarction and acute coronary syndrome. 7128 Aggregation Inhibitors Erlotinib Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors 393 Etanercept Enbrel™; Enbrel™ (Immunex Corp) Antirheumatic Agents; Immunomodulatory Agents For treatment of severe adult and 9ocalizi rheumatoid arthritis 25645 Everolimus Limus Immunophilin Binding Compounds Exenatide Byetta™; Byetta™ (Amylin/Eli Lilly) Indicated as adjunctive therapy to improve glycemic control in patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus who are taking metformin, a sulfonylurea, or a combination of both, but have not achieved adequate glycemic control. 53060 Felypressin Felipresina™ [INN-Spanish]; Felipressina™ [DCIT]; Felypressin™ [USAN:BAN:INN]; Felypressine™ [INN-French]; Felypressinum™ [INN-Latin]; Octapressin™ Renal Agents; Vasoconstrictor Agents For use as an alternative to adrenaline as a 9ocalizing agent, provided that local ischaemia is not essential. 46800 Fenretinide (Sirion Therapeutics) Binding Protein Antagonist for Oral Vitamin A AMD Filgrastim Neupogen™ (Amgen Inc.) Anti-Infective Agents; Antineutropenic Agents; Immunomodulatory Agents Increases leukocyte production, for treatment in non-myeloid cancer,neutropenia and bone marrow transplant 28518 FK605-binding proteins, FKBPs Limus Immunophilin Binding Compounds Fluocinolone Acetonide Retisert™ (Bausch & Lomb); Iluvien™ (Alimera Sciences, Inc.) Glucocorticoid Retinal inflammation, diabetic macular edema 453 Follitropin beta Follistim™ (Organon); Gonal F™; Gonal-F™ Fertility Agents For treatment of female infertility 78296 Fumagillin Galsulfase Naglazyme™; Naglazyme™ (BioMarin Pharmaceuticals) Enzyme Replacement Agents For the treatment of adults and children with Mucopolysaccharidosis VI. 47047 Gefitinib Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors 447 Gemtuzumab ozogamicin Mylotarg™; Mylotarg™ (Wyeth) Antineoplastic Agents For treatment of acute myeloid leukemia 39826 Glatiramer Acetate Copaxone™ Adjuvants, Immunologic; Immunosuppressive Agents For reduction of the frequency of relapses in patients with Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis. 29914 Glucagon recombinant GlucaGen™ (Novo Nordisk); Glucagon™ (Eli Lilly) Antihypoglycemic Agents For treatment of severe hypoglycemia, also used in gastrointestinal imaging 54009 Goserelin Zoladex™ Antineoplastic Agents; Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal Breast cancer; Prostate carcinoma; Endometriosis 78617 Human Serum Albumin Albutein™ (Alpha Therapeutic Corp) Serum substitutes For treatment of severe blood loss, hypervolemia, hypoproteinemia 39000 Hyaluronidase Vitragan™; Vitrase™; Vitrase™ (Ista Pharma) Anesthetic Adjuvants; Permeabilizing Agents For increase of absorption and distribution of other injected drugs and for rehydration 69367 Ibritumomab Zevalin™ (IDEC Pharmaceuticals) Antineoplastic Agents For treatment of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma 33078 Idursulfase Elaprase™ (Shire Pharmaceuticals) Enzyme Replacement Agents For the treatment of Hunter syndrome in adults and children ages 5 and older. 47047 Imatinib Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors 494 Immune globulin Civacir™; Flebogamma™ (Instituto Grifols SA); Gamunex™ (Talecris Biotherapeutics) Anti-Infectives; Immunomodulatory Agents For treatment of immunodeficiencies, thrombocytopenic purpura, Kawasaki disease, gammablobulinemia, leukemia, bone transplant 42632 Infliximab Remicade™ (Centocor Inc) Immunomodulatory Agents; Immunosuppressive Agents For treatment of Crohn’s disease, psoriasis, rheumatoid 11cuminate and ankylosing spondylitis 25645 Insulin Glargine recombinant Lantus™ Hypoglycemic Agents For treatment of diabetes (type I and II) 156308 Insulin Lyspro recombinant Humalog™ (Eli Lily); Insulin Lispro (Eli Lily) Hypoglycemic Agents For treatment of diabetes (type I and II) 154795 Insulin recombinant Novolin R™ (Novo Nordisk) Hypoglycemic Agents For treatment of diabetes (type I and II) 156308 Insulin, porcine Iletin II™ Hypoglycemic Agents For the treatment of diabetes (type I and II) 156308 Interferon Interferon Alfa-2a, Recombinant Roferon A™ (Hoffmann-La Roche Inc); Veldona™ (Amarillo Biosciences) Antineoplastic Agents; Antiviral Agents For treatment of chronic hepatitis C, hairy cell leukemia, AIDS-related Kaposi’s sarcoma, and chronic myelogenous leukemia. Also for the treatment of oral warts arising from HIV infection. 57759 Interferon Alfa-2b, Recombinant Intron A™ (Schering Corp) Antineoplastic Agents; Antiviral Agents; Immunomodulatory Agents For the treatment of hairy cell leukemia, malignant melanoma, and AIDS-related Kaposi’s sarcoma. 57759 Interferon alfacon-1 Advaferon™; Infergen™ (InterMune Inc) Antineoplastic Agents; Antiviral Agents; Immunomodulatory Agents For treatment of hairy cell leukemia, malignant melanoma, and AIDS-related Kaposi’s sarcoma 57759 Interferon alfa-n1 Wellferon™ (GlaxoSmithKline) Antiviral Agents; Immunomodulatory Agents For treatment of venereal or genital warts caused by the Human Papiloma Virus 57759 Interferon alfa-n3 Alferon™ (Interferon Sciences Inc.); Alferon LDO™; Alferon N Injection™ Antineoplastic Agents; Antiviral Agents; Immunomodulatory Agents For the intralesional treatment of refractory or recurring external condylomata 12cuminate. 57759 Interferon beta-1b Betaseron™ (Chiron Corp) Antiviral Agents; Immunomodulatory Agents For treatment of relapsing/remitting multiple sclerosis 57759 Interferon gamma-1b Actimmune™; Actimmune™ (InterMune Inc) Antiviral Agents; Immunomodulatory Agents For treatment of Chronic granulomatous disease, Osteopetrosis 37835 Lapatinib Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors 581 Lepirudin Refludan™ Anticoagulants; Antithrombotic Agents; Fibrinolytic Agents For the treatment of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia 70037 Lestaurtinib Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors 439 Leuprolide Eligard™ (Atrix Labs/QLT Inc) Anti-Estrogen Agents; Antineoplastic Agents For treatment of prostate cancer, endometriosis, uterine fibroids and premature puberty 37731 Lutropin alfa Luveris™ (Serono) Fertility Agents For treatment of female infertility 78617 Mecasermin Increlex™; Increlex™ (Tercica); Iplex For the long-term treatment of growth failure in pediatric patients with Primary IGFD or with GH gene deletion who have developed neutralizing antibodies to GH. It is not indicated to treat Secondary IGFD resulting from GH deficiency, malnutrition, hypoth 154795 Menotropins Repronex™ Fertility Agents For treatment of female infertility 78617 mTOR inhibitors Muromonab Orthoclone OKT3™ (Ortho Biotech) Immunomodulatory Agents; For treatment of organ transplant recipients, 23148 Immunosuppressive Agents prevention of organ rejection Natalizumab Tysabri™ Immunomodulatory Agents For treatment of multiple sclerosis. 115334 Nepafenac Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors Nesiritide Natrecor™ Cardiac drugs For the intravenous treatment of patients with acutely decompensated congestive heart failure who have dyspnea at rest or with minimal activity. 118921 Nilotinib Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors 530 NS398 Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors Octreotide Atrigel™; Longastatin™ ; Sandostatin™; Sandostatin LAR™; Sandostatin LAR™ (Novartis) Anabolic Agents; Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal; Gastrointestinal Agents; Hormone Replacement Agents For treatment of acromegaly and reduction of side effects from cancer chemotherapy 42687 Omalizumab Xolair™ (Genentech Inc) Anti-Asthmatic Agents; Immunomodulatory Agents For treatment of asthma caused by allergies 29596 Oprelvekin Neumega™; Neumega™ (Genetics Institute Inc) Coagulants; Thrombotics Increases reduced platelet levels due to chemotherapy 45223 OspA lipoprotein LYMErix™ (SmithKline Beecham) Vaccines For prophylactic treatment of Lyme Disease 95348 OT-551 (Othera) Anti-oxidant eyedrop AMD Oxytocin Oxytocin™ (BAM Biotech); Pitocin™ (Parke-Davis); Syntocinon™ (Sandoz) Anti-tocolytic Agents; Labor Induction Agents; Oxytocics To assist in labor, elective labor induction, uterine contraction induction 12722 Palifermin Kepivance™ (Amgen Inc) Antimucositis Agents For treatment of mucositis (mouth sores) 138885 Palivizumab Synagis™ Antiviral Agents For treatment of respiratory diseases casued by respiratory syncytial virus 63689 Panitumumab Vectibix™; Vectibix™ (Amgen) Antineoplastic Agents For the treatment of EGFR-expressing, metastatic colorectal carcinoma with disease progression on or following fluoropyrimidine-, oxaliplatin-, and irinotecan- containing chemotherapy regimens. 134279 PDGF inhibitor (Jerini Ophthalmic); (Ophthotech) Inhibitors of PDGF AMD PEDF (pigment epithelium derived factor) Pegademase bovine Adagen™ (Enzon Inc.) Enzyme Replacement Agents For treatment of adenosine deaminase deficiency 36512 Pegaptanib Macugen™ Oligonucleotide For the treatment of neovascular (wet) age-related macular degeneration. 103121 Pegaspargase Oncaspar™ (Enzon Inc) Antineoplastic Agents For treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia 132.118 Pegfilgrastim Neulasta™ (Amgen Inc.) Anti-Infective Agents; Antineutropenic Agents; Immunomodulatory Agents Increases leukocyte production, for treatment in non-myeloid cancer, neutropenia and bone marrow transplant 28518 Peginterferon alfa-2a Pegasys™ (Hoffman-La Roche Inc) Antineoplastic Agents; Antiviral Agents; Immunomodulatory Agents For treatment of hairy cell leukemia, malignant melanoma, and AIDS-related Kaposi’s sarcoma. 57759 Peginterferon alfa-2b PEG-Intron (Schering Corp); Unitron PEG™ Antineoplastic Agents; Antiviral Agents; Immunomodulatory Agents For the treatment of chronic hepatitis C in patients not previously treated with interferon alpha who have compensated liver disease and are at least 18 years of age. 57759 Pegvisomant Somavert™ (Pfizer Inc) Anabolic Agents; Hormone Replacement Agents For treatment of acromegaly 71500 Pentoxifylline Perindozril ACE Inhibitors Pimecrolimus Limus Immunophilin Binding Compounds PKC (protein kinase C) inhibitors Pramlintide Symlin™; Symlin™ (Amylin Pharmaceuticals) For the mealtime treatment of Type I and Type II diabetes in combination with standard insulin therapy, in patients who have failed to achieve adequate glucose control on insulin monotherapy. ) 16988 Proteosome inhibitors Velcade™ Proteosome inhibitors Pyrrolidine Quinopril ACE Inhibitors Ranibizumab Lucentis™ For the treatment of patients with neovascular (wet) age-related macular degeneration. 27043 Rapamycin (siroliums) (MacuSight) Limus Immunophilin Binding Compounds AMD Rasburicase Elitek™ ; Elitek™ (Sanofi-Synthelabo Inc); Fasturtec™ Antihyperuricemic Agents For treatment of hyperuricemia, reduces elevated plasma uric acid levels (from chemotherapy) 168.11 Reteplase Retavase™ (Centocor); Retavase™ (Roche) Thrombolytic Agents For lysis of acute pulmonary emboli, intracoronary emboli and 54732 management of myocardial infarction Retinal stimulant Neurosolve™ (Vitreoretinal Technologies) Retinal stimulants AMD Retinoid(s) Rituximab MabThera™; Rituxan™ Antineoplastic Agents For treatment of B-cell non-Hodgkins lymphoma (CD20 positive) 33078 RNAI (RNA interference of angiogenic factors) Rofecoxib Vioxx™; Ceoxx™; Ceeoxx™ (Merck & Co.) Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors Rosiglitazone Thiazolidinediones Ruboxistaurin Eli Lilly Protein Kinase C (PKC)-b Inhibitor DME, diabetic peripheral retinopathy 469 Salmon Calcitonin Calcimar™; Miacalcin™ (Novartis) Antihypocalcemic Agents; Antiosteporotic Agents; Bone Density Conservation Agents For the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis 57304 Sargramostim Immunex™; Leucomax™ (Novartis); Leukine™; Leukine™ (Berlex Laboratories Inc) Anti-Infective Agents; Antineoplastic Agents; Immunomodulatory Agents For the treatment of cancer and bone marrow transplant 46207 SDZ-RAD Limus Immunophilin Binding Compounds Secretin SecreFlo™; Secremax™, SecreFlo™ (Repligen Corp) Diagnostic Agents For diagnosis of pancreatic exocrine dysfunction and gastrinoma 50207 Selective inhibitor of the factor 3 complement cascade Selective inhibitor of the factor 5 complement cascade Semaxanib Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors 238 Sermorelin Geref™ (Serono Pharma) Anabolic Agents; Hormone Replacement Agents For the treatment of dwarfism, prevention of HIV-induced weight loss 47402 Serum albumin iodinated Megatope™ (IsoTex Diagnostics) Imaging Agents For determination of total blood and plasma volumes 39000 Siroliums reformulation (rapamycin) (MacuSight) Limus Immunophilin Binding Compounds AMD siRNAi molecule synthetic, FTP-801i-14 (Quark Pharmaceuticals) siRNAi molecule synthetic AMD Somatropin recombinant BioTropin™ (Biotech General); Genotropin™ (Pfizer); Humatrope™ (Eli Lilly); Norditropin™ (Novo Nordisk); Nutropin™ (Genentech Inc.); NutropinAQ™ (Genentech Inc.); Protropin™ (Genentech Inc.); Saizen™ (Serono SA); Serostim™; Serostim™ (Serono SA); Tev-Tropin™ (GATE) Anabolic Agents; Hormone Replacement Agents For treatment of dwarfism, acromegaly and prevention of HIV-induced weight loss 71500 Squalamine Streptokinase Streptase™ (Aventis Behringer GmbH) Thrombolytic Agents For the treatment of acute evolving transmural myocardial infarction, pulmonary embolism, deep vein thrombosis, arterial thrombosis or embolism and occlusion of arteriovenous cannulae 90569 Sunitinib Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors 398 Tacrolimus Limus Immunophilin Binding Compounds Tenecteplase TNKase™ (Genentech Inc) Thrombolytic Agents For treatment of myocardial infarction and lysis of intracoronary emboli 54732 Teriparatide Apthela™; Forsteo™; Forteo™; Fortessa™; Opthia™; Optia™; Optiah™; Zalectra™; Zelletra™ Bone Density Conservation Agents For the treatment of osteoporosis in men and postmenopausal women who are at high risk for having a fracture. Also used to increase bone mass in men with primary or hypogonadal osteoporosis who are at high risk for fracture. 66361 Tetrathiomolybdate Thyrotropin Alfa Thyrogen™ (Genzyme Inc) Diagnostic Agents For detection of residueal or recurrent thyroid cancer 86831 Tie-1 and Tie-2 kinase inhibitors Toceranib Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors 396 Tositumomab Bexxar™ (Corixa Corp) Antineoplastic Agents For treatment of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (CD20 positive, follicular) 33078 TPN 470 analogue Trastuzumab Herceptin™ (Genentech) Antineoplastic Agents For treatment of HER2-positive pulmonary breast cancer 137912 Triamcinolone acetonide Triesence™ Glucocorticoid DME, For treatment of inflammation of the retina 435 Troglitazone Thiazolidinediones Tumistatin Urofollitropin Fertinex™ (Serono S.A.) Fertility Agents For treatment of female infertility 78296 Urokinase Abbokinase™; Abbokinase™ (Abbott Laboratories) Thrombolytic Agents For the treatment of 19ulmonary embolism, coronary artery thrombosis and IV catheter clearance 90569 Vandetanib Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors 475 Vasopressin Pitressin™; Pressyn™ Antidiuretics; Oxytocics; Vasoconstrictor Agents For the treatment of enuresis, polyuria, diabetes insipidus, polydipsia and oesophageal varices with bleeding 46800 Vatalanib Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors 347 VEGF receptor kinase inhibitor VEGF Trap Aflibercept™ (Regneron Pharmaceuticals, Bayer HealthCare AG) Genetically Engineered Antibodies DME, cancer, retinal vein occlusion, choroidal neovascularization, delay wound healing, cancer treatment 96600 Visual Cycle Modulator ACU-4229 (Acucela) Visual Cycle Modulator AMD Vitamin(s) Vitronectin receptor antagonists Volociximabe Monoclonal antibody

What is claimed is: 
     
         1 - 58 . (canceled) 
     
     
         2 . A method of treating an eye of a having a vitreous humor and a retina, the method comprising:
 identifying a target location of the retina for treatment; and   positioning a container having a therapeutic amount of a therapeutic agent, the container comprising a porous structure to release therapeutic amounts of the at least one therapeutic agent for the extended time, wherein the porous structure is positioned in the vitreous humor at a location away from the retina to deliver the therapeutic agent to the target location with convective flow of the vitreous humor.   
     
     
         3 . (canceled) 
     
     
         4 . A method of treating an eye, the method comprising:
 placing a container comprising a reservoir and a penetrable barrier at least partially through a sclera of the eye, wherein the reservoir comprises a fluid; and   passing at least one needle through the penetrable barrier and the conjunctiva disposed over the penetrable barrier; and   injecting a therapeutic amount of at least one therapeutic agent into the container, wherein the fluid in the reservoir is substantially removed from the container when the therapeutic amount is injected.   
     
     
         5 - 80 . (canceled) 
     
     
         6 . A method of treating an eye having a vitreous humor and a sclera, the method comprising:
 providing a therapeutic device to release at least one therapeutic agent into the vitreous humor of an eye of a patient, the therapeutic device comprising a container and a retention structure affixed to the container, the retention structure comprising a narrow portion having a first longer distance across extending in a first direction and a second shorter distance across extending in a second direction, the first longer distance greater than the second shorter distance;   forming an elongate incision in the sclera, the incision comprising a length extending along a pars plana of the eye and a width, the length greater than the width; and   positioning the container in the eye to release the therapeutic agent, wherein the narrow portion of the retention structure is aligned with the elongate incision such that the first longer distance across extends substantially along the elongate incision and the second shorter distance across extends substantially across the width of the incision.   
     
     
         7 - 105 . (canceled) 
     
     
         106 . The method of claim  59 , further comprising: 
 injecting a formulation of the therapeutic agent into the container, the container further comprising:
 a body defining a reservoir; 
 a retention structure at a proximal end region of the body; and 
 the porous structure at a distal end region of the reservoir; 
   creating an incision through the sclera of the eye into the vitreous humor;   inserting the body of the container through the incision to position at least the porous structure within the vitreous humor; and   positioning the retention structure outside the incision and against the sclera.   
     
     
         107 . The method of  claim 106 , wherein releasing therapeutic amounts comprises releasing therapeutic amounts within the vitreous humor for at least about two months to treat the eye with a single injection of the formulation. 
     
     
         108 . The method of  claim 107 , wherein the single injection of the formulation provides therapeutic benefit within the vitreous humor up to about twelve months. 
     
     
         109 . The method of claim  59 , further comprising treating the eye with the therapeutic agent for at least about 90 days without explanting the container. 
     
     
         110 . The method of claim  59 , further comprising treating the eye with the therapeutic agent for at least about 120 days without explanting the container. 
     
     
         111 . The method of claim  59 , wherein the therapeutic agent includes one or more of 2-Methoxyestradiol analogs, 3-aminothalidomide, 13-cis retinoic acid, A0003, A5b1 integrin inhibitor, Abarelix, Abatacept, Abciximab, ABT-578, Acetonide, Adalimumab, Aldesleukin, Alefacept, Alemtuzumab, Alpha-1-proteinase inhibitor, Alteplase, AMG-1470, Anakinra, Anecortave acetate, Angiostatin, Anistreplase, Anti-angiogenesis peptides, Anti-angiogenesis antibodies, TRC093, TRC 105, Anti-angiogeric bifunctional protein, Anti-endothelial growth factor, Antihemophilic Factor, Antithymocyte globulin, Anti-hypertensive MC1101, Antiplatelet devired growth factor, Anti-VEGF, AP23841, Aprotinin, Arcitumomab, Asparaginase, Axitinib, Basiliximab, Becaplermin, Bevacizumab, Bivalirudin, Bortezomib, Bosutinib, Botulinum Toxin Type A, Botulinum Toxin Type B, C5 inhibitor, Canstatin, Capromab, Captopril, CCI-779, Cediranib, Celecoxib, Cetrorelix, Cetuximab, Choriogonadotropin alfa, Cilary neurotrophic factor, Coagulation Factor IX, Coagulation factor VIIa, Colchicines, Collagenase, Complement factor H recombinant, Compstatin derivative peptide, POT-4, Corticotropin, Cosyntropin, Cyclophilins, Cyclosporine, Daclizumab, Darbepoetin alfa, Dasatinib, Defibrotide, Denileukin diftitox, Desmopressin, Dexamethasone, Diclofenac, Dithiocarbamate, Dornase Alfa, Drotrecogin alfa, Eculizumab, Efalizumab, Endostatin, Enfuvirtide, Epoetin alfa, Eptifibatide, Erlotinib, Etanercept, Everolimus, Exenatide, Felypressin, Fenretinide, Filgrastim, FK605-binding proteins, FKBPs, Fluocinolone Acetonide, Follitropin beta, Fumagillin, Galsulfase, Gefitinib, Gemtuzumab ozogamicin, Glatiramer Acetate, Glucagon recombinant, Goserelin, Human Serum Albumin, Hyaluronidase, Ibritumomab, Idursulfase, Imatinib, Immune globulin, Infliximab, Insulin Glargine recombinant, Insulin Lyspro recombinant, Insulin recombinant, Insulin, porcine, Interferon, Interferon Alfa-2a, Recombinant, Interferon Alfa-2b, Recombinant, Interferon alfacon-1, Interferon alfa-n1, Interferon alfa-n3, Interferon beta-1b, Interferon gamma-1b, Lapatinib, Lepirudin, Lestaurtinib, Leuprolide, Lutropin alfa, Mecasermin, Menotropins, mTOR inhibitors, Muromonab, Natalizumab, Nepafenac, Nesiritide, Nilotinib, NS398, Octreotide, Omalizumab, Oprelvekin, OspA lipoprotein, OT-551, Oxytocin, Palifermin, Palivizumab, Panitumumab, PDGF inhibitor, PEDF (pigment epithelium derived factor), Pegademase bovine, Pegaptanib, Pegaspargase, Pegfilgrastim, Peginterferon alfa-2a, Peginterferon alfa-2b, Pegvisomant, Pentoxifylline, Perindozril, Pimecrolimus, PKC (protein kinase C) inhibitors, Pramlintide, Proteosome inhibitors, Pyrrolidine, Quinopril, Ranibizumab, Rapamycin (siroliums), Rasburicase, Reteplase, Retinal stimulant, Retinoid(s), Rituximab, RNAI (RNA interference of angiogenic factors), Rofecoxib, Rosiglitazone, Ruboxistaurin, Salmon Calcitonin, Sargramostim, SDZ-RAD, Secretin, Selective inhibitor of the factor 3 complement cascade, Selective inhibitor of the factor 5 complement cascade, Semaxanib, Sermorelin, Serum albumin iodinated, Siroliums reformulation (rapamycin), siRNAi molecule synthetic, FTP-801i-14, Somatropin recombinant, Squalamine, Streptokinase, Sunitinib, Tacrolimus, Tenecteplase, Teriparatide, Tetrathiomolybdate, Thyrotropin Alfa, Tie-1 and Tie-2 kinase inhibitors, Toceranib, Tositumomab, TPN 470 analogue, Trastuzumab, Triamcinolone acetonide, Troglitazone, Tumistatin, Urofollitropin, Urokinase, Vandetanib, Vasopressin, Vatalanib, VEGF receptor kinase inhibitor, VEGF Trap, Visual Cycle Modulator ACU-4229, Vitamin(s), Vitronectin receptor antagonists, or Volociximabe. 
     
     
         112 . The method of  claim 106 , wherein injecting the formulation comprises penetrating a septum within the retention structure with a needle coupled to a fill syringe, the needle comprising a stop configured to prevent a tip of the needle from advancing into the reservoir beyond a maximum stop distance. 
     
     
         113 . The method of  claim 106 , wherein creating the incision through the sclera comprises cutting through a length of a pars plana of the eye, wherein the length of the incision is greater than a width of the incision. 
     
     
         114 . The method of  claim 113 , wherein the length of the incision is greater than a distance across the pars plana. 
     
     
         115 . The method of  claim 106 , wherein creating the incision further comprises forming a first incision through the conjunctiva at a first location; moving the conjunctiva to expose the sclera at a second location, the incision through the sclera being formed at the second location; and sliding the first incision through the conjunctiva to the first location covering with the conjunctiva the retention structure inserted at the second location. 
     
     
         116 . The method of  claim 115 , wherein the retention structure covered by the conjunctiva seals the incision. 
     
     
         117 . The method of  claim 106 , wherein inserting the body of the container through the incision comprises advancing the container so an elongate cross-sectional profile of the container is aligned with the incision along the pars plana region. 
     
     
         118 . The method of  claim 106 , wherein the retention structure comprises a narrow portion having a first longer distance across extending in a first direction and a second shorter distance across extending in a second direction, the first longer distance greater than the second shorter distance, wherein the first longer distance across extends substantially along the incision and the second shorter distance across extends substantially across the width of the incision. 
     
     
         119 . The method of  claim 106 , wherein the container further comprises a neck portion positioned between the retention structure and the body, wherein positioning the retention structure comprises positioning the neck portion trans-sclerally so the sclera is positioned about the neck portion. 
     
     
         120 . The method of  claim 119 , wherein the neck portion has a smaller transverse outer dimension than at least one transverse outer dimension of the retention structure and at least one transverse outer dimension of the body. 
     
     
         121 . The method of  claim 119 , wherein the retention structure extends outward from the body of the reservoir and is positioned between the sclera and the conjunctiva to retain the therapeutic device in its implanted position, without the need for sutures. 
     
     
         122 . The method of  claim 119 , wherein the neck portion comprises a different cross-sectional shape and size compared to the cross-sectional shape and size of the body, wherein the cross-section is defined along a plane perpendicular to a longitudinal axis of the device extending from the proximal end region to the distal end region. 
     
     
         123 . The method of  claim 122 , wherein the cross-sectional shapes of the neck portion and the body are each defined at their widest locations by a long width, and wherein the body has a long width sized larger than the long width of the neck portion. 
     
     
         124 . The method of  claim 122 , wherein the cross-sectional shape of the neck portion is non-circular and the cross-sectional shape of the body is circular. 
     
     
         125 . The method of  claim 122 , wherein the cross-sectional shape of the neck portion complements the shape of the incision such that eye tissue seals around the neck portion when the device is implanted in the eye, and wherein the cross-sectional shape of the neck portion is different than the cross-sectional shape of the body. 
     
     
         126 . The method of  claim 106 , further comprising penetrating a septum within the retention structure with an exchange needle without the exchange needle penetrating the sclera or a choroid of the eye. 
     
     
         127 . The method of  claim 126 , wherein penetrating the septum further comprises penetrating the conjunctiva disposed over the septum. 
     
     
         128 . The method of  claim 126 , further comprising injecting an additional quantity of the therapeutic agent into the reservoir. 
     
     
         129 . The method of  claim 128 , wherein liquid disposed within the reservoir is substantially removed from the reservoir when the additional quantity is injected.