Spatial light modulators modulating both amplitude and phase

Abstract

Architecture and designs of modulating both amplitude and phase at the same time in spatial light modulation are described. According to one aspect of the present invention, light propagation is controlled in two different directions (e.g., 0 and 45 degrees) to perform both amplitude modulation and phase modulation at the same time in liquid crystals. In one embodiment, a mask is used to form a pattern, where the pattern includes an array of alignment cells or embossed microstructures, a first group of the cells are aligned in the first direction and a second group of the cells are aligned in the second direction. Depending on applications, two cells from the first group and the second group may correspond to a single pixel or two neighboring pixels, resulting in amplitude modulation and phase modulation within the pixel or within an array of pixels.

We claim: 
     
         1 . A spatial light modulator comprising:
 a layer of liquid crystals, with a predefined thickness, sandwiched between a transparent electrode layer and a reflecting electrode layer, wherein the reflecting electrode comprises an array of pixel electrodes, each controlling one of pixels in two-dimensional (2D) array, and is built on a silicon substrate;   an alignment layer deposed on top of the layer of liquid crystals;   a mask including a plurality of alignment cells in rows and columns, and deposed on the alignment layer, where a first group of the alignment cells are oriented in a first direction and a second group of the alignment cells are oriented in a second direction, light going through the first group of the alignment cells is modulated in amplitude thereof and the light going through the second group of the alignment cells is modulated in phase thereof, all via the liquid crystals and at the same time.   
     
     
         2 . The spatial light modulator as recited in  claim 1 , wherein each of the alignment cells in the first and second groups corresponds to one of the pixels, the alignment cells in the first and second groups interlace in row as well as in column. 
     
     
         3 . The spatial light modulator as recited in  claim 2 , wherein the pixels alternate the amplitude modulations with the phase modulations across the 2D array and at the same time. 
     
     
         4 . The spatial light modulator as recited in  claim 1 , wherein two differently aligned cells from the first and second groups corresponds to a single pixel, causing the light to be modulated in amplitude and phase at the same time within the pixel. 
     
     
         5 . The spatial light modulator as recited in  claim 4 , wherein a ratio of the two differently aligned cells corresponding to the pixel is 1. 
     
     
         6 . The spatial light modulator as recited in  claim 4 , wherein a ratio of the two differently aligned cells corresponding to the pixel is adjustable. 
     
     
         7 . The spatial light modulator as recited in  claim 4 , wherein the two differently aligned cells do not equally correspond to the pixel. 
     
     
         8 . The spatial light modulator as recited in  claim 1 , wherein four pairs, each having two differently aligned cells from the first and second groups, cause the light to be modulated in amplitude and phase, respectively in quadruple, at the same time within the pixel. 
     
     
         9 . The spatial light modulator as recited in  claim 1 , wherein the mask is a photo mask created by imprinting thereon a pattern reflecting the alignment cells in the first and second groups and being cured via UV light. 
     
     
         10 . The spatial light modulator as recited in  claim 1 , wherein the mask includes embossed microstructures to alter optical characteristics of the liquid crystals. 
     
     
         11 . The spatial light modulator as recited in  claim 1 , wherein the first direction is at 45 degrees and the second direction is at 0 degrees. 
     
     
         12 . A method in a spatial light modulator, the method comprising:
 deposing a mask on top of an alignment layer, wherein the alignment layer is provided to a layer of liquid crystals, with a predefined thickness, sandwiched between a transparent electrode layer and a reflecting electrode layer, the reflecting electrode comprises an array of pixel electrodes, each controlling one of pixels in two-dimensional (2D) array, and is built on a silicon substrate, and   wherein the mask includes a plurality of alignment cells in rows and columns, a first group of the alignment cells are oriented in a first direction and a second group of the alignment cells are oriented in a second direction, light going through the first group of the alignment cells is modulated in amplitude thereof and the light going through the second group of the alignment cells is modulated in phase thereof, all via the liquid crystals and at the same time.   
     
     
         13 . The method as recited in  claim 12 , wherein each of the alignment cells in the first and second groups corresponds to one of the pixels, the alignment cells in the first and second groups interlace in row as well as in column. 
     
     
         14 . The method as recited in  claim 13 , wherein the pixels alternate the amplitude modulations with the phase modulations across the 2D array and at the same time. 
     
     
         15 . The method as recited in  claim 12 , wherein two differently aligned cells from the first and second groups corresponds to a single pixel, causing the light to be modulated in amplitude and phase at the same time within the pixel. 
     
     
         16 . The method as recited in  claim 15 , wherein a ratio of the two differently aligned cells corresponding to the pixel is 1. 
     
     
         17 . The method as recited in  claim 15 , wherein said deposing a mask on top of an alignment layer comprises: adjusting a ratio of the two differently aligned cells corresponding to the pixel. 
     
     
         18 . The method as recited in  claim 12 , wherein each pixel includes four pairs, each having two differently aligned cells from the first and second groups, causes the light to be modulated in amplitude and phase, respectively in quadruple, at the same time within the pixel. 
     
     
         19 . The method as recited in  claim 12 , further comprises:
 creating a photo mask by imprinting thereon a pattern reflecting the alignment cells in the first and second groups; and   curing the photo mask via UV light to make the mask.   
     
     
         20 . The method as recited in  claim 12 , wherein the mask includes embossed microstructures to alter optical characteristics of the liquid crystals.