Pharmaceutical compositions comprising phenylsulfonamides, and their therapeutic applications

Abstract

Provided herein are pharmaceutical compositions, each comprising a phenylsulfonamide, for example, a compound of Formula I, or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, or prodrug thereof; and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. Also provided herein are methods of their use for treating, preventing, or ameliorating one or more symptoms of a neurodegenerative disease.

1 . A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of Formula I: 
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, or prodrug thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient;
 wherein:
 X is —SO 2 — and Y is —NR X —; or X is —NR X — and Y is —SO 2 —; 
 each R 1  is independently (a) cyano, halo, or nitro; (b) C 1-6  alkyl, C 2-6  alkenyl, C 2-6  alkynyl, C 3-10  cycloalkyl, C 6-14  aryl, C 7-15  aralkyl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl; or (c) —C(O)R a , —C(O)OR 1a , —C(O)NR 1b R 1c , —C(O)SR 1a , —C(NR 1a )NR 1b R 1c , —C(S)R 1a , —C(S)OR 1a , —C(S)NR 1b R 1c , —OR 1a , —OC(O)R 1a , —OC(O)OR 1a , —OC(O)NR 1b R 1c , —OC(O)SR 1a , —OC(═NR 1a )NR 1b R 1c , —OC(S)R 1a , —OC(S)OR 1a , —OC(S)NR 1b R 1c , —OS(O)R 1a , —OS(O) 2 R 1a , —OS(O)NR 1b R 1c , —OS(O) 2 NR 1b R 1c , —NR 1b R 1c , —NR 1a C(O)R 1d , —NR 1a C(O)OR 1d , —NR a C(O)NR 1b R 1c , —NR 1a C(O)SR 1d , —NR a C(═NR 1d )NR 1b R 1c , —NR 1a C(S)R 1d , —NR 1a C(S)OR 1d , —NR a C(S)NR 1b R 1c , —NR 1a S(O)R 1d , —NR 1a S(O) 2 R 1d , —NR 1a S(O)NR 1b R 1c , —NR 1a S(O) 2 NR 1b R 1c , —S(O)R 1a , —S(O) 2 R 1a , —S(O)NR 1b R 1c , or —S(O) 2 NR 1b R 1c ; 
 R 2 , R 5 , R 6 , and R X  are each independently (a) hydrogen, deuterium, cyano, halo, or nitro; (b) C 1-6  alkyl, C 2-6  alkenyl, C 2-6  alkynyl, C 3-10  cycloalkyl, C 6-14  aryl, C 7-15  aralkyl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl; or (c) —C(O)R 1a , —C(O)OR a , —C(O)NR 1b R 1c , —C(O)SR 1a , —C(NR 1a )NR 1b R 1c , —C(S)R 1a , —C(S)OR 1a , —C(S)NR 1b R 1c , —OR 1a , —OC(O)R 1a , —OC(O)OR 1a , —OC(O)NR 1b R 1c , —OC(O)SR 1a , —OC(═NR 1a )NR 1b R 1c , —OC(S)R 1a , —OC(S)OR 1a , —OC(S)NR 1b R 1c , —OS(O)R 1a , —OS(O) 2 R 1a , —OS(O)NR 1b R 1c , —OS(O) 2 NR 1b R 1c , —NR 1b R 1c , —NR 1a C(O)R 1d , —NR 1a C(O)OR 1d , —NR 1a C(O)NR 1b R 1c , —NR 1a C(O)SR 1d , —NR 1a C(═NR 1d )NR 1b R 1c , —NR 1a C(S)R 1d , —NR 1a C(S)OR 1d , —NR 1a C(S)NR 1b R 1c , —NR 1a S(O)R 1d , —NR 1a S(O) 2 R 1d , —NR 1a S(O)NR 1b R 1c , —NR 1a S(O) 2 NR 1b R 1c , —S(O)R 1a , —S(O) 2 R 1a , —S(O)NR 1b R 1c , or —S(O) 2 NR 1b R 1c ; 
 R 3  is (a) cyano, halo, or nitro; (b) C 1-6  alkyl, C 2-6  alkenyl, C 2-6  alkynyl, C 3-10  cycloalkyl, C 6-14  aryl, C 7-15  aralkyl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl; or (c) —C(O)R 1a , —C(O)OR 1a , —C(O)NR 1b R 1c , —C(O)SR 1a , —C(NR 1a )NR 1b R 1c , —C(S)R 1a , —C(S)OR 1a , —C(S)NR 1b R 1c , —OR 1a , —OC(O)R 1a , —OC(O)OR 1a , —OC(O)NR 1b R 1c , —OC(O)SR 1a , —OC(═NR)NR 1b R 1c , —OC(S)R 1a , —OC(S)OR 1a , —OC(S)NR 1b R 1c , —OS(O)R 1a , —OS(O) 2 R 1a , —OS(O)NR 1b R 1c , —OS(O) 2 NR 1b R 1c , —NR 1b R 1c , —NR 1a C(O)R 1d , —NR 1a C(O)OR 1d , —NR 1a C(O)NR 1b R 1c , —NR 1a C(O)SR 1d , —NR 1a C(═NR 1d )NR 1b R 1c , —NR 1a C(S)R 1d , —NR 1a C(S)OR 1d , —NR 1a C(S)NR 1b R 1c , —NR 1a S(O)R 1d , —NR 1a S(O) 2 R 1d , —NR 1a S(O)NR 1b R 1c , —NR 1a S(O) 2 NR 1b R 1c , —S(O)R 1a , —S(O) 2 R 1a , —S(O)NR 1b R 1c , or —S(O) 2 NR 1b R 1c ; 
 R 4  is hydrogen, deuterium, cyano, or fluoro; 
 each R 1a , R 1b , R 1c , and R 1d  is independently hydrogen, deuterium, C 1-6  alkyl, C 2-6  alkenyl, C 2-6  alkynyl, C 3-10  cycloalkyl, C 6-14  aryl, C 7-15  aralkyl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl; or R 1a  and R 1c  together with the C and N atoms to which they are attached form heterocyclyl; or R 1b  and R 1c  together with the N atom to which they are attached form heterocyclyl; and 
 m is an integer of 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4; 
 with the proviso that the compound is neither 4-((4′-((4-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-1-ethyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)methyl)-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4-yl)oxy)-3-((3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-sulfonamido)benzoic acid nor 3-(N-(5-(4-(4-cyanophenyl)piperidine-1-carbonyl)-2-methylphenyl)sulfamoyl)benzoic acid; 
 wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, and heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with one or more, in one embodiment, one, two, three, or four, substituents Q, where each Q is independently selected from (a) deuterium, cyano, halo, and nitro; (b) C 1-6  alkyl, C 2-6  alkenyl, C 2-6  alkynyl, C 3-10  cycloalkyl, C 6-14  aryl, C 7-15  aralkyl, heteroaryl, and heterocyclyl, each of which is further optionally substituted with one or more, in one embodiment, one, two, three, or four, substituents Q a ; and (c) —C(O)R a , —C(O)OR a , —C(O)NR b R c , —C(O)SR a , —C(NR a )NR b R c , —C(S)R a , —C(S)OR a , —C(S)NR b R c , —OR a , —OC(O)R a , —OC(O)OR a , —OC(O)NR b R c , —OC(O)SR a , —OC(═NR a )NR b R c , —OC(S)R a , —OC(S)OR a , —OC(S)NR b R c , —OS(O)R a , —OS(O) 2 R a , —OS(O)NR b R c , —OS(O) 2 NR b R c , —NR b R c , —NR a C(O)R d , —NR a C(O)OR d , —NR a C(O)NR b R c , —NR a C(O)SR d , —NR a (═NR d )NR b R c , —NR a C(S)R d , —NR a C(S)OR d , —NR a C(S)NR b R c , —NR a S(O)R d , —NR a S(O) 2 R d , —NR a S(O)NR b R c , —NR a S(O) 2 NR b R c , —SR a , —S(O)R a , —S(O) 2 R a , —S(O)NR b R c , and —S(O) 2 NR b R c , wherein each R a , R b , R c , and R d  is independently (i) hydrogen or deuterium; (ii) C 1-6  alkyl, C 2-6  alkenyl, C 2-6  alkynyl, C 3-10  cycloalkyl, C 6-14  aryl, C 7-15  aralkyl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl, each of which is optionally substituted with one or more, in one embodiment, one, two, three, or four, substituents Q a ; or (iii) R b  and R c  together with the N atom to which they are attached form heterocyclyl, optionally substituted with one or more, in one embodiment, one, two, three, or four, substituents Q a ; 
 wherein each Q a  is independently selected from the group consisting of (a) deuterium, cyano, halo, and nitro; (b) C 1-6  alkyl, C 2-6  alkenyl, C 2-6  alkynyl, C 3-10  cycloalkyl, C 6-14  aryl, C 7-15  aralkyl, heteroaryl, and heterocyclyl; and (c) —C(O)R e , —C(O)OR e , —C(O)NR f R g , —C(O)SR e , —C(NR e )NR f R g , —C(S)R e , —C(S)OR e , —C(S)NR f R g , —OR e , —OC(O)R e , —OC(O)OR e , —OC(O)NR f R g , —OC(O)SR e , —OC(═NR e )NR f R g , —OC(S)R e , —OC(S)OR e , —OC(S)NR f R g , —OS(O)R e , —OS(O) 2 R e , —OS(O)NR f R g , —OS(O) 2 NR f R g , —NR f R g , —NR e C(O)R h , —NR e C(O)OR f , —NR e C(O)NR f R g , —NR e C(O)SR f , —NR e C(═NR h )NR f R g , —NR e C(S)R h , —NR e C(S)OR f , —NR e C(S)NR f R g , —NR e S(O)R h , —NR e S(O) 2 R h , —NR e S(O)NR f R g , —NR e S(O) 2 NR f R g , —SR e , —S(O)R e , —S(O) 2 R e , —S(O)NR f R g , and —S(O) 2 NR f R g ; wherein each R e , R f , R g , and R h  is independently (i) hydrogen or deuterium; (ii) C 1-6  alkyl, C 2-6  alkenyl, C 2-6  alkynyl, C 3-10  cycloalkyl, C 6-14  aryl, C 7-15  aralkyl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl; or (iii) R f  and R g  together with the N atom to which they are attached form heterocyclyl. 
 
 
       
     
     
         2 . The pharmaceutical composition of  claim 1 , wherein the compound is;
 i) a compound of Formula II:   
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         
           or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, or prodrug thereof; 
         
         ii) a compound of Formula III: 
       
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         
           or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, or prodrug thereof; or 
         
         iii) a compound of Formula IV: 
       
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         
           or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, or prodrug thereof. 
         
       
     
     
         3 - 27 . (canceled) 
     
     
         28 . The pharmaceutical composition of  claim 1 , wherein:
 each R 1  is independently halo or C 1-6  alkyl;   R 2  and R 4  are each hydrogen;   R 3  is nitro, C 1-6  alkyl, C 1-6  alkoxy, or C 1-6  alkylsulfonamido;   R 5  is hydrogen or C 1-6  alkoxy;   R 6  is hydrogen, C 1-6  alkyl, or C 1-6  alkoxy; and   m is an integer of 0, 1, or 2;   wherein each alkyl, alkoxy, and C 1-6  alkylsulfonamido is optionally substituted with one or more, in one embodiment, one, two, three, or four, substituents Q.   
     
     
         29 . (canceled) 
     
     
         30 . The pharmaceutical composition of  claim 1 , wherein the compound is:
 4-(N-(3-(methylsulfonamido)phenyl)sulfamoyl)benzoic acid;   3-(N-(2-methyl-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)sulfamoyl)benzoic acid;   3-(N-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)sulfamoyl)benzoic acid;   3-((2-methoxy-5-nitrophenyl)sulfonamido)-4-methylbenzoic acid; or   2-fluoro-4-(N-(3-(methylsulfonamido)phenyl)sulfamoyl)benzoic acid;   or a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, or prodrug thereof.   
     
     
         31 . The pharmaceutical composition of  claim 1 , wherein the pharmaceutical composition is in single dosage form. 
     
     
         32 . The pharmaceutical composition of  claim 1 , wherein the pharmaceutical composition is in an oral, parenteral, or intravenous dosage form. 
     
     
         33 - 34 . (canceled) 
     
     
         35 . The pharmaceutical composition of  claim 1 , further comprising a second therapeutic agent. 
     
     
         36 . A method of treating one or more symptoms of a neurodegenerative disease in a subject, comprising administering to the subject a pharmaceutical composition of  claim 1 . 
     
     
         37 . The method of  claim 36 , wherein the neurodegenerative disease is Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, traumatic brain injury, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis, or dementia. 
     
     
         38 . The method of  claim 37 , wherein the neurodegenerative disease is Alzheimer's disease, and wherein the Alzheimer's disease is Stage 1 Alzheimer's disease, Stage 2 Alzheimer's disease, Stage 3 Alzheimer's disease, Stage 4 Alzheimer's disease, Stage 5 Alzheimer's disease, Stage 6 Alzheimer's disease, or Stage 7 Alzheimer's disease. 
     
     
         39 - 45 . (canceled) 
     
     
         46 . A method of treating one or more symptoms of a disorder, disease, or condition in a subject, comprising administering to the subject a pharmaceutical composition of  claim 1 ; wherein the disorder, disease, or condition is an ocular disorder or Downs syndrome. 
     
     
         47 . A method of inhibiting the production of amyloid β in a subject, comprising administering to the subject a pharmaceutical composition of  claim 1 . 
     
     
         48 . A method of attenuating the amyloid β level in a subject, comprising administering to the subject a pharmaceutical composition of  claim 1 . 
     
     
         49 . The method of  claim 47 , wherein the amyloid β is amyloid β 40 or amyloid β 42. 
     
     
         50 . The method of  claim 48 , wherein the amyloid β is amyloid β 40 or amyloid β 42. 
     
     
         51 . A method of inhibiting the production of amyloid β in a cell, comprising contacting the cell with a compound of Formula I: 
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, or prodrug thereof,
 wherein:
 X is —SO 2 — and Y is —NR X —; or X is —NR X — and Y is —SO 2 —; 
 each R 1  is independently (a) cyano, halo, or nitro; (b) C 1-6  alkyl, C 2-6  alkenyl, C 2-6  alkynyl, C 3-10  cycloalkyl, C 6-14  aryl, C 7-15  aralkyl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl; or (c) —C(O)R a , —C(O)OR 1a , —C(O)NR 1b R 1c , —C(O)SR 1a , —C(NR 1a )NR 1b R 1c , —C(S)R 1a , —C(S)OR 1a , —C(S)NR 1b R 1c , —OR 1a , —OC(O)R 1a , —OC(O)OR 1a , —OC(O)NR 1b R 1c , —OC(O)SR 1a , —OC(═NR 1a )NR 1b R 1c , —OC(S)R 1a , —OC(S)OR 1a , —OC(S)NR 1b R 1c , —OS(O)R 1a , —OS(O) 2 R 1a , —OS(O)NR 1b R 1c , —OS(O) 2 NR 1b R 1c , —NR 1b R 1c , —NR 1a C(O)R 1d , —NR 1a C(O)OR 1d , —NR 1a C(O)NR 1b R 1c , —NR 1a C(O)SR 1d , —NR 1a C(═NR 1d )NR 1b R 1c , —NR 1a C(S)R 1d , —NR 1a C(S)OR 1d , —NR 1a C(S)NR 1b R 1c , —NR 1a S(O)R 1d , —NR 1a S(O) 2 R 1d , —NR 1a S(O)NR 1b R 1c , —NR 1a S(O) 2 NR 1b R 1c , —S(O)R 1a , —S(O) 2 R 1a , —S(O)NR 1b R 1c , or —S(O) 2 NR 1b R 1c ; 
 R 2 , R 5 , R 6 , and R X  are each independently (a) hydrogen, deuterium, cyano, halo, or nitro; (b) C 1-6  alkyl, C 2-6  alkenyl, C 2-6  alkynyl, C 3-10  cycloalkyl, C 6-14  aryl, C 7-15  aralkyl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl; or (c) —C(O)R 1a , —C(O)OR 1a , —C(O)NR 1b R 1c , —C(O)SR 1a , —C(NR 1a )NR 1b R 1c , —C(S)R 1a , —C(S)OR 1a , —C(S)NR 1b R 1c , —OR 1a , —OC(O)R 1a , —OC(O)OR 1a , —OC(O)NR 1b R 1c , —OC(O)SR 1a , —OC(═NR 1a )NR 1b R 1c , —OC(S)R 1a , —OC(S)OR 1a , —OC(S)NR 1b R 1c , —OS(O)R 1a , —OS(O) 2 R 1a , —OS(O)NR 1b R 1c , —OS(O) 2 NR 1b R 1c , —NR 1b R 1c , —NR 1a C(O)R 1d , —NR 1a C(O)OR 1d , —NR 1a C(O)NR 1b R 1c , —NR 1a C(O)SR 1d , —NR 1a C(═NR 1d )NR 1b R 1c , —NR 1a C(S)R 1d , —NR 1a C(S)OR 1d , —NR 1a C(S)NR 1b R 1c , —NR 1a S(O)R 1d , —NR 1a S(O) 2 R 1d , —NR 1a S(O)NR 1b R 1c , —NR 1a S(O) 2 NR 1b R 1c , —S(O)R 1a , —S(O) 2 R 1a , —S(O)NR 1b R 1c , or —S(O) 2 NR 1b R 1c ; 
 R 3  is (a) cyano, halo, or nitro; (b) C 1-6  alkyl, C 2-6  alkenyl, C 2-6  alkynyl, C 3-10  cycloalkyl, C 6-14  aryl, C 7-15  aralkyl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl; or (c) —C(O)R 1a , —C(O)OR 1a , —C(O)NR 1b R 1c , —C(O)SR 1a , —C(NR 1a )NR 1b R 1c , —C(S)R 1a , —C(S)OR 1a , —C(S)NR 1b R 1c , —OR 1a , —OC(O)R 1a , —OC(O)OR 1a , —OC(O)NR 1b R 1c , —OC(O)SR 1a , —OC(═NR 1a )NR 1b R 1c , —OC(S)R 1a , —OC(S)OR 1a , —OC(S)NR 1b R 1c , —OS(O)R 1a , —OS(O) 2 R 1a , —OS(O)NR 1b R 1c , —OS(O) 2 NR 1b R 1c , —NR 1b R 1c , —NR 1a C(O)R 1d , —NR 1a C(O)OR 1d , —NR 1a C(O)NR 1b R 1c , —NR 1a C(O)SR 1d , —NR 1a C(═NR 1d )NR 1b R 1c , —NR 1a C(S)R 1d , —NR 1a C(S)OR 1d , —NR 1a C(S)NR 1b R 1c , —NR 1a S(O)R 1d , —NR 1a S(O) 2 R 1d , —NR 1a S(O)NR 1b R 1c , —NR 1a S(O) 2 NR 1b R 1c , —S(O)R 1a , —S(O) 2 R 1a , —S(O)NR 1b R 1c , or —S(O) 2 NR 1b R 1c ; 
 R 4  is hydrogen, deuterium, cyano, or fluoro; 
 each R 1a , R 1b , R 1c , and R 1d  is independently hydrogen, deuterium, C 1-6  alkyl, C 2-6  alkenyl, C 2-6  alkynyl, C 3-10  cycloalkyl, C 6-14  aryl, C 7-15  aralkyl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl; or R 1a  and R 1c  together with the C and N atoms to which they are attached form heterocyclyl; or R 1b  and R 1c  together with the N atom to which they are attached form heterocyclyl; and 
 m is an integer of 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4; 
 with the proviso that the compound is neither 4-((4′-((4-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-1-ethyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)methyl)-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4-yl)oxy)-3-((3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-sulfonamido)benzoic acid nor 3-(N-(5-(4-(4-cyanophenyl)piperidine-1-carbonyl)-2-methylphenyl)sulfamoyl)benzoic acid; 
 wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, and heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with one or more, in one embodiment, one, two, three, or four, substituents Q, where each Q is independently selected from (a) deuterium, cyano, halo, and nitro; (b) C 1-6  alkyl, C 2-6  alkenyl, C 2-6  alkynyl, C 3-10  cycloalkyl, C 6-14  aryl, C 7-15  aralkyl, heteroaryl, and heterocyclyl, each of which is further optionally substituted with one or more, in one embodiment, one, two, three, or four, substituents Q a ; and (c) —C(O)R a , —C(O)OR a , —C(O)NR b R c , —C(O)SR a , —C(NR a )NR b R c , —C(S)R a , —C(S)OR a , —C(S)NR b R c , —OR a , —OC(O)R a , —OC(O)OR a , —OC(O)NR b R c , —OC(O)SR a , —OC(═NR a )NR b R c , —OC(S)R a , —OC(S)OR a , —OC(S)NR b R c , —OS(O)R a , —OS(O) 2 R a , —OS(O)NR b R c , —OS(O) 2 NR b R c , —NR b R c , —NR a C(O)R d , —NR a C(O)OR d , —NR a C(O)NR b R c , —NR a C(O)SR d , —NR a C(═NR d )NR b R c , —NR a C(S)R d , —NR a C(S)OR d , —NR a C(S)NR b R c , —NR a S(O)R d , —NR a S(O) 2 R d , —NR a S(O)NR b R c , —NR a S(O) 2 NR b R c , —SR a , —S(O)R a , —S(O) 2 R a , —S(O)NR b R c , and —S(O) 2 NR b R c , wherein each R a , R b , R c , and R d  is independently (i) hydrogen or deuterium; (ii) C 1-6  alkyl, C 2-6  alkenyl, C 2-6  alkynyl, C 3-10  cycloalkyl, C 6-14  aryl, C 7-15  aralkyl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl, each of which is optionally substituted with one or more, in one embodiment, one, two, three, or four, substituents Q a ; or (iii) R b  and R c  together with the N atom to which they are attached form heterocyclyl, optionally substituted with one or more, in one embodiment, one, two, three, or four, substituents Q a ; 
 wherein each Q a  is independently selected from the group consisting of (a) deuterium, cyano, halo, and nitro; (b) C 1-6  alkyl, C 2-6  alkenyl, C 2-6  alkynyl, C 3-10  cycloalkyl, C 6-14  aryl, C 7-15  aralkyl, heteroaryl, and heterocyclyl; and (c) —C(O)R e , —C(O)OR e , —C(O)NR f R g , —C(O)SR e , —C(NR e )NR f R g , —C(S)R e , —C(S)OR e , —C(S)NR f R g , —OR e , —OC(O)R e , —OC(O)OR e , —OC(O)NR f R g , —OC(O)SR e , —OC(═NR e )NR f R g , —OC(S)R e , —OC(S)OR e , —OC(S)NR f R g , —OS(O)R e , —OS(O) 2 R e , —OS(O)NR f R g , —OS(O) 2 NR f R g , —NR f R g , —NR e C(O)R h , —NR e C(O)OR f , —NR e C(O)NR f R g , —NR e C(O)SR f , —NR e C(═NR h )NR f R g , —NR e C(S)R h , —NR e C(S)OR f , —NR e C(S)NR f R g , —NR e S(O)R h , —NR e S(O) 2 R h , —NR e S(O)NR f R g , —NR e S(O) 2 NR f R g , —SR e , —S(O)R e , —S(O) 2 R e , —S(O)NR f R g , and —S(O) 2 NR f R g ; wherein each R e , R f , R g , and R h  is independently (i) hydrogen or deuterium; (ii) C 1-6  alkyl, C 2-6  alkenyl, C 2-6  alkynyl, C 3-10  cycloalkyl, C 6-14  aryl, C 7-15  aralkyl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl; or (iii) R f  and R g  together with the N atom to which they are attached form heterocyclyl. 
 
 
       
     
     
         52 . The method of  claim 51 , wherein the compound is:
 i) a compound of Formula II:   
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         
           or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, or prodrug thereof; 
         
         ii) a compound of Formula III: 
       
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         
           or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, or prodrug thereof; or 
         
         iii) a compound of Formula IV: 
       
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         
           or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, or prodrug thereof. 
         
       
     
     
         53 - 77 . (canceled) 
     
     
         78 . The method of  claim 51 , wherein:
 each R 1  is independently halo or C 1-6  alkyl;   R 2  and R 4  are each hydrogen;   R 3  is nitro, C 1-6  alkyl, C 1-6  alkoxy, or C 1-6  alkylsulfonamido;   R 5  is hydrogen or C 1-6  alkoxy;   R 6  is hydrogen, C 1-6  alkyl, or C 1-6  alkoxy; and   m is an integer of 0, 1, or 2;   wherein each alkyl, alkoxy, and C 1-6  alkylsulfonamido is optionally substituted with one or more, in one embodiment, one, two, three, or four, substituents Q.   
     
     
         79 . (canceled) 
     
     
         80 . The method of  claim 51 , wherein the compound is:
 4-(N-(3-(methylsulfonamido)phenyl)sulfamoyl)benzoic acid;   3-(N-(2-methyl-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)sulfamoyl)benzoic acid;   3-(N-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)sulfamoyl)benzoic acid;   3-((2-methoxy-5-nitrophenyl)sulfonamido)-4-methylbenzoic acid; or   2-fluoro-4-(N-(3-(methylsulfonamido)phenyl)sulfamoyl)benzoic acid;   or a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, or prodrug thereof.   
     
     
         81 . The method of  claim 51 , wherein the amyloid β is amyloid β 40 or amyloid β 42. 
     
     
         82 . (canceled)