Using Carbon Dioxide From A Direct Air Capture System As A Low Global Warming Car And Industrial Refrigerant

Abstract

An apparatus includes a captured carbon dioxide input. The captured carbon dioxide input is coupled to receive captured carbon dioxide from a direct air capture system. The apparatus uses the captured carbon dioxide as a low global warming refrigerant to provide cooling functionality in automotive, commercial, and industrial applications, or other operations involving low global warming refrigerants. In various embodiments, the apparatus is a refrigeration apparatus or a heat pump apparatus. Low global warming carbon dioxide refrigerant is natural, non-toxic, non-flammable, and abundant when obtained from a direct air capture system. Moreover, carbon dioxide refrigerant has a high heat transfer coefficient and has a global warming potential (GWP) of one. Carbon dioxide refrigerant is a more sustainable and efficient coolant option than common refrigerants, such as R22, R152, R404a, and R1234yf refrigerants.

1 - 27 . (canceled) 
     
     
         28 . An apparatus comprising:
 a captured carbon dioxide input coupled to receive captured carbon dioxide from a direct air capture system, wherein the direct air capture system captures carbon dioxide from gas/liquid contact, and wherein the apparatus uses the captured carbon dioxide as a fluid to provide cooling and heating.   
     
     
         29 . The apparatus of claim  1 , wherein a base mixture for the direct air capture system comprises:
 a or mixtures of phase transfer catalysts, wherein the phase transfer catalysts have a radical cation and a radical anion, wherein the radical cation includes a quaternary ammonium cation (NR 4   + ) wherein, the radical anion includes at least one of a Hydroxide anion (OH), a fluoride anion (F), an Iodide anion (I), a Carbonate anion (CO 3   −2 ), or a Bicarbonate anion (HCO 3   − ).   
     
     
         30 . The apparatus of claim  1 , wherein a base mixture for the direct air capture system comprises:
 either a or mixtures of free or sodium, potassium, ammonium, quaternary ammonium salts of amino acids.   
     
     
         31 . The apparatus of claim  1 , wherein a base mixture for the direct air capture system comprises:
 a or mixtures of a base with common structure of B + Y − ; where B +  is an cation of potassium, ammonium, sodium, calcium, vanadium, titanium, lithium, Boron, or quaternary ammonium and Y −  is an anion of hydroxide, carbonate, bicarbonates, boartes and titanates.   
     
     
         32 . The apparatus of claim  1 , wherein a base mixture for the direct air capture system comprises:
 a or mixture of free or salts of any primary, secondary and quaternary amines.   
     
     
         33 . The apparatus of claim  1 , wherein a base mixture for the direct air capture system comprises:
 a solvent system comprising water or a mixture of water/glycerol, water/glycols, water/polyols, water/alcohols to capture carbon dioxide from air with purity between 71% and 100%.   
     
     
         34 . A method comprising:
 injecting captured and compressed carbon dioxide obtained from a direct air capture system into an apparatus, wherein the direct air capture system captures carbon dioxide via gas/liquid contact, and wherein the apparatus uses captured carbon dioxide as a fluid to provide cooling and heating.   
     
     
         35 . The method of  claim 34 , wherein a base mixture for the direct air capture system comprises:
 a or mixtures of phase transfer catalysts, wherein the phase transfer catalysts have a radical cation and a radical anion, wherein the radical cation includes a quaternary ammonium cation (NR 4   + ) wherein, the radical anion includes at least one of a Hydroxide anion (OH − ), a fluoride anion (F − ), an Iodide anion (I − ), a Carbonate anion (CO 3   −2 ), or a Bicarbonate anion (HCO 3   − ).   
     
     
         36 . The method of  claim 34 , wherein a base mixture for the direct air capture system comprises:
 either a or mixtures of free or sodium, potassium, ammonium, quaternary ammonium salts of amino acids.   
     
     
         37 . The method of  claim 34 , wherein a base mixture for the direct air capture system comprises:
 a or mixtures of a base with common structure of B + Y − , where B +  is an cation of potassium, ammonium, sodium, calcium, vanadium, titanium, lithium, Boron, or quaternary ammonium and Y −  is an anion of hydroxide, carbonate, bicarbonates, boartes and titanates.   
     
     
         38 . The method of  claim 34 , wherein a base mixture for the direct air capture system comprises:
 a or mixture of free or salts of any primary, secondary and quaternary amines.   
     
     
         39 . The method of  claim 34 , wherein a base mixture for the direct air capture system comprises:
 a solvent system comprising water or a mixture of water/glycerol, water/glycols, water/polyols, water/alcohols to capture carbon dioxide from air with purity between 71% and 100%.   
     
     
         40 . A system comprising:
 a direct air capture system;   a multistage compression system that transforms carbon dioxide gas into sub and supercritical carbon dioxide fluid; and   a mobile or stationary refrigerant system using direct air capture carbon dioxide as a fluid to provide cooling and heating.   
     
     
         41 . The system of  claim 40 , wherein a base mixture for the direct air capture system comprises:
 a or mixtures of phase transfer catalysts, wherein the phase transfer catalysts have a radical cation and a radical anion, wherein the radical cation includes a quaternary ammonium cation (NR4+) wherein, the radical anion includes at least one of a Hydroxide anion (OH−), a fluoride anion (F−), an Iodide anion (I−), a Carbonate anion (CO3−2), or a Bicarbonate anion (HCO3−).   
     
     
         42 . The system of  claim 40 , wherein a base mixture for the direct air capture system comprises:
 either a or mixtures of free or sodium, potassium, ammonium, quaternary ammonium salts of amino acids.   
     
     
         43 . The system of  claim 40 , wherein a base mixture for the direct air capture system comprises:
 a or mixtures of a base with common structure of B+Y−, where B+ is an cation of potassium, ammonium, sodium, calcium, vanadium, titanium, lithium, Boron, or quaternary ammonium and Y− is an anion of hydroxide, carbonate, bicarbonates, boartes and titanates.   
     
     
         44 . The system of  claim 40 , wherein a base mixture for the direct air capture system comprises:
 a or mixture of free or salts of any primary, secondary and quaternary amines.   
     
     
         45 . The system of  claim 40 , wherein a base mixture for the direct air capture system comprises:
 a solvent system comprising water or a mixture of water/glycerol, water/glycols, water/polyols, water/alcohols to capture carbon dioxide from air with purity between 71% and 100%.