Methods and uses relating to fuel compositions

Abstract

A method of removing deposits in a direct injection spark ignition engine, the method including combusting in the engine a gasoline fuel composition having a quaternary ammonium salt additive wherein the quaternary ammonium salt additive includes the quaternised reaction product of a hydrocarbyl substituted succinic acid derived acylating agent and a compound able to react with said acylating agent and which includes a tertiary amine group; in which each molecule of the hydrocarbyl substituted succinic acid derived acylating agent includes on average at least 1.2 succinic acid moieties

1 . A method of removing deposits in a direct injection spark ignition engine, the method comprising combusting in the engine a gasoline fuel composition comprising a quaternary ammonium salt additive wherein the quaternary ammonium salt additive comprises the quaternised reaction product of a hydrocarbyl substituted succinic acid derived acylating agent and a compound able to react with said acylating agent and which includes a tertiary amine group; wherein each molecule of the hydrocarbyl substituted succinic acid derived acylating agent includes on average at least 1.2 succinic acid moieties. 
     
     
         2 . The use of a combination of a quaternary ammonium salt additive in a gasoline fuel composition to remove deposits in a direct injection spark ignition engine; wherein the quaternary ammonium salt additive comprises the quaternised reaction product of a hydrocarbyl substituted succinic acid derived acylating agent and a compound able to react with said acylating agent and which includes a tertiary amine group; wherein each molecule of the hydrocarbyl substituted succinic acid derived acylating agent includes on average at least 1.2 succinic acid moieties. 
     
     
         3 . The method of  claim 1 , wherein the hydrocarbyl substituted succinic acid derived acylating agent is a polyisobutene-substituted succinic acid or succinic anhydride wherein the polyisobutene substituent has a number average molecular weight of between 450 to 2300. 
     
     
         4 . The method of  claim 1 , wherein the compound able to react with the hydrocarbyl substituted succinic acid derived acylating agent and which includes a tertiary amine group comprises one or more compounds formed by the reaction of a hydrocarbyl-substituted acylating agent and an amine of formula (I) or (II): 
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         wherein R 2  and R 3  are the same or different alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, alkaryl or aralkyl groups having from 1 to 22 carbon atoms; X is an optionally substituted alkylene group having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms; n is from 0 to 20; m is from 1 to 5; and R 4  is hydrogen or a C 1  to C 22  alkyl group. 
       
     
     
         5 . The method of  claim 4 , wherein X is a propylene group. 
     
     
         6 . The method of  claim 1 , wherein the quaternising agent used to prepare the quaternary ammonium salt additive is selected from the group consisting of an ester of a carboxylic acid, dialkyl sulfates, benzyl halides, hydrocarbyl substituted carbonates, hydrocarbyl substituted epoxides optionally in combination with an acid, alkyl halides, alkyl sulfonates, sultones, hydrocarbyl substituted phosphates, hydrocarbyl substituted borates, alkyl nitrites, alkyl nitrates, hydroxides, N-oxides, chloroacetic acid or salts thereof, or mixtures thereof. 
     
     
         7 . The method of  claim 1 , wherein the quaternising agent used to prepare the quaternary ammonium salt additive is selected from the group consisting of dialkyl sulfates, benzyl halides, hydrocarbyl substituted carbonates, hydrocarbyl susbsituted epoxides in combination with an acid, alkyl halides, alkyl sulfonates, sultones, hydrocarbyl substituted phosphates, hydrocarbyl substituted borates, N-oxides, chloroacetic acid or salts thereof, or mixtures thereof. 
     
     
         8 . The method of  claim 1 , wherein the quaternising agent used to prepare the quaternary ammonium salt additive is a compound of formula (III): 
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         wherein R is an optionally substituted alkyl, alkenyl, aryl or alkylaryl group and R 1  is a C 1  to C 22  alkyl, aryl or alkylaryl group. 
       
     
     
         9 . The method of  claim 8 , wherein the quaternizing agent is selected from dimethyl oxalate, methyl 2-nitrobenzoate and methyl salicylate. 
     
     
         10 . The method of  claim 8 , wherein the quaternizing agent is an ester of a polycarboxylic acid. 
     
     
         11 . The method of  claim 1 , wherein the gasoline fuel composition comprises one or more additional deposit control additives. 
     
     
         12 . The method of  claim 11 , wherein the one or more additional deposit control additives comprises the product of a Mannich reaction between an aldehyde, an amine and an optionally substituted phenol. 
     
     
         13 . The method of  claim 12 , wherein the one or more additional deposit control additives comprises the product of a Mannich reaction between:
 (x) formaldehyde;   (y) a an amine selected from polyethylene polyamines, dimethylaminopropylamine and dialkylamines; and   (z) a polyisobutenyl-substituted phenol or cresol having a polyisobutenyl substituent number average molecular weight of from 500 to 3000.   
     
     
         14 . The method of  claim 11 , wherein the one or more additional deposit control additives comprises a hydrocarbyl substituted amine. 
     
     
         15 . The method of  claim 1 , wherein the gasoline fuel composition comprises a friction modifier compound. 
     
     
         16 . The method of  claim 1 , wherein the gasoline fuel composition comprises 0.01 to 20 ppm of the quaternary ammonium salt additive. 
     
     
         17 . The method of  claim 1 , which restores the injection time to within 10% of the initial injection time when using clean injectors within 10 hours.