Gadusol-containing sunscreen formulations

Abstract

Embodiments of sunscreen formulations are disclosed herein. In one example, a sunscreen formulation includes a) a physical/inorganic sunscreen active ingredient at from about 5% to about 25% on a weight/weight (w/w) basis, wherein the active ingredient generates a first sun protection factor (“SPF”) value to a sunscreen formulation; b) gadusol; and c) a plurality of ingredients configured to deliver ingredients a) and b) in the sunscreen formulation, wherein the gadusol is present in the sunscreen formulation in an amount sufficient to generate a SPF booster effect in the sunscreen formulation.

1 - 20 . (canceled) 
     
     
         21 . A photoprotective composition comprising:
 a) a mixture of ingredients having a first sun protection factor (SPF) value when no photoprotective ingredient is included in the mixture;   b) an amount of a photoprotective material that, when the photoprotective material is included in the ingredient mixture, the combination of the ingredient mixture and the photoprotective material comprises a second SPF value; and   c) an amount of gadusol that, when the gadusol is included in the ingredient mixture, the combination of the ingredient mixture and the gadusol generates a composition comprising a third SPF value; wherein:
 i. the SPF value of the photoprotective composition is greater than the sum of the first, second, and third SPF values; and 
 ii. the photoprotective composition has an increased UVB absorbance as compared to a composition comprising the ingredient mixture and the amount of the first photoprotective material. 
   
     
     
         22 . The photoprotective composition of  claim 21 , wherein the increased UVB absorbance has a maximum at 296 nm. 
     
     
         23 . The photoprotective composition of  claim 21 , wherein the amount of gadusol is present at from about 0.25 to about 2.0% by weight of the photoprotective composition. 
     
     
         24 . The photoprotective composition of  claim 21 , wherein the amount of gadusol is present at from about 0.5 to about 1.0% by weight of the photoprotective composition. 
     
     
         25 . The photoprotective composition of  claim 21 , wherein the SPF value of the photoprotective composition is at least 1.35 times greater than the sum of the first, second and third SPF values. 
     
     
         26 . The photoprotective composition of  claim 21 , wherein the photoprotective material comprises zinc oxide (ZnO) or titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ). 
     
     
         27 . The photoprotective composition of  claim 21 , wherein the photoprotective material comprises oxybenzone, avobenzone, cinoxate, homosalate, octinoxate, octisalate, octocrylene, dioxybenzone, ensulizole, meradimate, padimate O, and sulisobenzone. 
     
     
         28 . The photoprotective composition of  claim 26 , wherein the photoprotective ingredient is ZnO. 
     
     
         29 . The photoprotective composition of  claim 28 , wherein the ZnO has an average particle size of less than about 100 nm. 
     
     
         30 . The photoprotective composition of  claim 28 , wherein the ZnO has an average particle size of greater than about 100 nm. 
     
     
         31 . The photoprotective composition of  claim 28 , wherein the ZnO is present at 10% or less by weight of the photoprotective composition, the amount of gadusol is from at least about 0.5% by weight of the photoprotective composition, and the composition has an SPF of 30 or greater. 
     
     
         32 . The photoprotective composition of  claim 31 , wherein the photoprotective composition generates a minimal residual whitening effect when the photoprotective composition is spread on a person's skin at from about 1 to about 3 mg/cm 3 . 
     
     
         33 . The method of claim  12 , wherein minimal residual whitening effect is determined using a skin tone that is 4 or greater on the Fitzgerald Phototype Scale. 
     
     
         34 . The photoprotective composition of  claim 21 , wherein the first SPF value is negligible. 
     
     
         35 . The photoprotective composition of  claim 21 , further including one or more additional ingredients that impart an additional photoprotective effect to the composition. 
     
     
         36 . The photoprotective composition of  claim 35 , wherein the additional ingredient comprises gadusporine A, gadusporine B, or gadusporine C. 
     
     
         37 . The photoprotective composition of  claim 21 , further including one or more formulation stability enhancing materials comprising an antioxidant, a singlet oxygen scavenger, or an inhibitor of singlet oxygen formation. 
     
     
         38 . The photoprotective composition of  claim 37 , wherein the composition is stable, and wherein the stability is determined by retention of the photoprotective potency of the photoprotective material and the gadusol for at least 90 days after formulation of the composition. 
     
     
         39 . The photoprotective composition of  claim 38 , wherein the composition is stored in a package that substantially prevents contact with air.