Toner

Abstract

A toner includes an external additive on a surface of a toner particle. The external additive contains a metal titanate compound fine particle A, a silica fine particle B, and an inorganic fine particle C. A fragment ion corresponding to a dimethylsiloxane structure is observed from the fine particle A. Peaks D, X2, and X3 respectively assigned to D, X3, and X3 unit structures are observed from the fine particle A. An area S D of the peak D, an area S X2 of the peak X2, and an area S X3 of the peak X3 satisfy a predetermined formula. In the Feret minimum diameter range of 5 to 100 nm, a peak 1 assigned to the fine particle B is observed, and a peak 2 assigned to the fine particle C is observed in the Feret minimum diameter range of 50 to 1000 nm and on the large particle diameter side of the peak 1.

What is claimed is: 
     
         1 . A toner comprising:
 a toner particle comprising a binder resin and a release agent; and   an external additive on a surface of the toner particle, wherein:   the external additive comprises:
 a metal titanate compound fine particle A, 
 a silica fine particle B, and 
 an inorganic fine particle C, 
   in time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry using the metal titanate compound fine particle A as a sample, a fragment ion corresponding to a structure represented by formula (1) is observed,   in a  29 Si-NMR spectrum obtained by a solid-state  29 Si-NMR CP/MAS method using the metal titanate compound fine particle A as a sample,
 (i) a peak D assigned to a D unit structure is present in a range of −25 ppm to −15 ppm, 
 (ii) a peak X2 assigned to an X2 unit structure represented by formula (2) below is present in a range of −60 ppm to −50 ppm, 
 (iii) a peak X3 assigned to an X3 unit structure represented by formula (3) below is present in a range of −70 ppm to −60 ppm, and 
 (iv) S D /(S X2 +S X3 ) is 0.10 to 1.50 where S D  represents an area of the peak D, S X2  represents an area of the peak X2, and S X3  represents an area of the peak X3, 
   the inorganic fine particle C is a fine particle selected from the group consisting of a silica fine particle C, an alumina fine particle C, and a titania fine particle C,   in a graph based on a particle size distribution of silica fine particles obtained by combining SEM image analysis and EDX analysis on a surface of the toner, the graph having a horizontal axis indicating a Feret minimum diameter of primary particles and a vertical axis indicating a frequency, a peak 1 having a peak value in a Feret minimum diameter range of 5 to 100 nm and being mainly constituted by the silica fine particle B is observed, and   in a graph based on a particle size distribution of the external additive obtained by combining SEM image analysis and EDX analysis on the surface of the toner, the graph having a horizontal axis indicating a Feret minimum diameter of primary particles and a vertical axis indicating a frequency, a peak 2 having a peak value that is present in a Feret minimum diameter range of 50 to 1000 nm and on a large particle diameter side of the peak value of the peak 1, and being mainly constituted by the inorganic fine particle C is observed,   
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         in formula (1), n represents an integer of 2 or more, 
       
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         in formula (2), R1 represents a hydrocarbon group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, R2 represents a hydrogen atom or a hydrocarbon group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, and O 1/2  represents an oxygen atom shared with an adjacent Si atom or Ti atom, 
       
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         in formula (3), R1 represents a hydrocarbon group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, and 012 represents an oxygen atom shared with an adjacent Si atom or Ti atom. 
       
     
     
         2 . The toner according to  claim 1 , wherein, in a graph based on a particle size distribution of metal titanate compound fine particles obtained by combining SEM image analysis and EDX analysis on the surface of the toner, the graph having a horizontal axis indicating a Feret minimum diameter of primary particles and a vertical axis indicating a frequency, a peak 3 having a peak value in a Feret minimum diameter range of 0.5 to 1000 nm and being mainly constituted by the metal titanate compound fine particle A is observed, and
 D A  (nm) representing a peak value of the peak 3, D B  (nm) representing a peak value of the peak 1, and D C  (nm) representing a peak value of the peak 2 satisfy:   
       
         
           
             
               0.1 
               ≤ 
               
                 
                   D 
                   A 
                 
                 / 
                 
                   D 
                   B 
                 
               
               ≤ 
               
                 1 
                 ⁢ 
                 0 
                 .00 
               
             
           
         
         
           
             
               0.01 
               ≤ 
               
                 
                   D 
                   B 
                 
                 / 
                 
                   D 
                   C 
                 
               
               ≤ 
               
                 0 
                 .80 
               
             
           
         
         
           
             
               0.01 
               ≤ 
               
                 
                   D 
                   A 
                 
                 / 
                 
                   D 
                   C 
                 
               
               ≤ 
               
                 1. 
                 . 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     
         3 . The toner according to  claim 1 , wherein, S A  representing a coverage ratio (area %) of the toner particle by the metal titanate compound fine particle A, S B  representing a coverage ratio (area %) of the toner particle by the silica fine particle B, and S C  representing a coverage ratio (area %) of the toner particle by the inorganic fine particle C satisfy: 
       
         
           
             
               0.01 
               ≤ 
               
                 
                   S 
                   A 
                 
                 / 
                 
                   S 
                   B 
                 
               
               ≤ 
               
                 0 
                 .30 
               
             
           
         
         
           
             
               1. 
               ≤ 
               
                 
                   S 
                   B 
                 
                 / 
                 
                   S 
                   C 
                 
               
               ≤ 
               80. 
             
           
         
         
           
             
               
                 0.3 
               
               ≤ 
               
                 
                   S 
                   A 
                 
                 / 
                 
                   S 
                   C 
                 
               
               ≤ 
               
                 2 
                 ⁢ 
                 
                   2 
                   . 
                   0 
                 
                 ⁢ 
                 0 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     
         4 . The toner according to  claim 1 , wherein S X2  and S X3  satisfy S X2 ≤S X3 . 
     
     
         5 . The toner according to  claim 1 , wherein the metal titanate compound fine particle A is a strontium titanate fine particle. 
     
     
         6 . The toner according to  claim 1 , wherein the metal titanate compound fine particle A is a surface-treated product with a silane coupling agent and a silicone oil. 
     
     
         7 . The toner according to  claim 6 , wherein the silane coupling agent is an alkyltrialkoxysilane having an alkyl group having 3 to 6 carbon atoms. 
     
     
         8 . The toner according to  claim 1 , wherein, in a graph based on a particle size distribution of metal titanate compound fine particles obtained by combining SEM image analysis and EDX analysis on the surface of the toner, the graph having a horizontal axis indicating a Feret minimum diameter of primary particles and a vertical axis indicating a frequency, a peak 3 having a peak value in a Feret minimum diameter range of 0.5 to 1000 nm and being mainly constituted by the metal titanate compound fine particle A is observed, and
 a peak value D A  (nm) of the peak 3 is 5 to 50 nm.