Reactive nanoparticles as destructive adsorbents for biological and chemical contamination

Abstract

Compositions and methods for destroying biological agents such as toxins and bacteria are provided wherein the substance to be destroyed is contacted with finely divided metal oxide or hydroxide nanocrystals. In various embodiments, the metal oxide or metal hydroxide nanocrystals have reactive atoms stabilized on their surfaces, species adsorbed on their surfaces, or are coated with a second metal oxide. The desired metal oxide or metal hydroxide nanocrystals can be pressed into pellets for use when a powder is not feasible. Preferred metal oxides for the methods include MgO, SrO, BaO, CaO, TiO 2 , ZrO 2 , FeO, V 2 O 3 , V 2 O 5 , Mn 2 O 3 , Fe 2 O 3 , NiO, CuO, Al 2 O 3 , SiO 2 , ZnO, Ag 2 O, [Ce(NO 3 ) 3 —Cu(NO 3 ) 2 ]TiO 2 , Mg(OH) 2 , Ca(OH) 2 , Al(OH) 3 , Sr(OH) 2 , Ba(OH) 2 , Fe(OH) 3 , Cu(OH) 3 , Ni(OH) 2 , Co(OH) 2 , Zn(OH) 2 , AgOH, and mixtures thereof.

1. A mixture adapted for placement within a container, said mixture comprising:
 particles selected from the group consisting of metal oxide particles, metal hydroxide particles, and mixtures thereof, 
 said particles having a surface area of at least about 70 m 2 /g; and 
 a gaseous propellant. 
 
     
     
       2. The mixture of  claim 1 , said metal oxides being selected from the group consisting of MgO, CeO, AgO, SrO, BaO, CaO, ZnO, Al 2 O 3 , TiO 2 , ZrO 2 , FeO, V 2 O 3 , V 2 O 5 , Mn 2 O 3 , Fe 2 O 3 , NiO, CuO, SiO 2 , and Ag 2 O and mixtures thereof. 
     
     
       3. The mixture of  claim 2 , said metal oxide comprising MgO. 
     
     
       4. The mixture of  claim 1 , said mixture including a suspension agent for said particles. 
     
     
       5. The mixture of  claim 4 , said suspension agent selected from the group consisting of pentane and water. 
     
     
       6. The mixture of  claim 1 , said particles comprising metal oxide composites made up of a first metal oxide at least partially coated with a second, different metal oxide. 
     
     
       7. The mixture of  claim 1 , said particles being present as a self-sustaining body formed of a plurality of agglomerated particles. 
     
     
       8. The mixture of  claim 1 , said propellant being nitrogen gas. 
     
     
       9. A mixture adapted for placement within a container, said mixture consisting essentially of particles selected from the group consisting of metal oxide and metal hydroxide particles and mixtures thereof, a suspension agent for said particles, and a gaseous propellant. 
     
     
       10. The mixture of  claim 9 , said metal oxide and metal hydroxide parties each respectively selected from the group consisting of alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, transition metal, and lanthanide oxides and hydroxides and mixtures thereof. 
     
     
       11. The mixture of  claim 10 , said metal oxides being selected from the group consisting of MgO, CeO 2 , AgO, SrO, BaO, CaO, ZnO, Al 2 O 3 , TiO 2 , ZrO 2 , FeO, V 2 O 3 , V 2 O 5 , Mn 2 O 3 , Fe 2 O 3 , NiO, CuO, SiO 2 and Ag 2 O and mixtures thereof. 
     
     
       12. The mixture of  claim 11 , said metal oxide being MgO. 
     
     
       13. The mixture of  claim 9 , said suspension agent selected from the group consisting of pentane and water. 
     
     
       14. A non-aqueous mixture adapted for placement within a container, said mixture comprising particles selected from the group consisting of metal oxide and metal hydroxide particles and mixtures thereof, said particles having an average crystallite size of up to about 20 nm, and a gaseous propellant. 
     
     
       15. The mixture of  claim 14 , said metal oxide and metal hydroxide parties each respectively selected from the group consisting of alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, transition metal, and lanthanide oxides and hydroxides, and mixtures thereof. 
     
     
       16. The mixture of  claim 15 , said metal oxides being selected from the group consisting of MgO, CeO 2 , AgO, SrO, BaO, CaO, ZnO, Al 2 O 3 , TiO 2 , ZrO 2 , FeO, V 2 O 3 , V 2 O 5 , Mn 2 O 3 , Fe 2 O 3 , NiO, CuO, SiO 2 , and Ag 2 O and mixtures thereof. 
     
     
       17. The mixture of  claim 16 , said metal oxide being MgO. 
     
     
       18. The mixture of  claim 14 , said mixture including a suspension agent for said particles. 
     
     
       19. The mixture of  claim 18 , said suspension agent selected from the group consisting of pentane and water. 
     
     
       20. A sprayable mixture comprising finely divided particles dispersed in a liquid suspension agent, said particles being selected from the group consisting of metal oxide particles, metal hydroxide particles, and mixtures thereof, said particles having a surface area of at least about 70 m 2 /g, said mixture being under compression. 
     
     
       21. The mixture of  claim 20 , said mixture further comprising a gaseous propellant.