Negative active material for rechargeable lithium battery and rechargeable lithium battery comprising same

Abstract

A negative active material for a rechargeable lithium battery includes: a crystalline carbon core including pores; an amorphous carbon shell positioned on the core surface; metal nanoparticles dispersed inside the pores; and amorphous carbon inside the pores, wherein a first particle diameter difference (D50−D10) of the nanoparticles is from about 70 to about 150 nm and the second particle diameter difference (D90−D50) of the nanoparticles is from about 440 to about 520 nm.

1. A negative active material for a rechargeable lithium battery, comprising:
 a crystalline carbon core including pores; 
 an amorphous carbon shell positioned on a surface of the core; 
 metal nanoparticles dispersed inside the pores; and 
 amorphous carbon inside the pores, 
 wherein a first particle diameter difference (D50−D10) of the nanoparticles is from about 70 to about 150 nm and the second particle diameter difference (D90−D50) of the nanoparticles is from about 440 to about 520 nm. 
 
     
     
       2. The negative active material of  claim 1 , wherein the first particle diameter difference (D50−D10) of the nanoparticles is from about 90 to about 130 nm and the second particle diameter difference (D90−D50) of the nanoparticles is from about 440 to about 500 nm. 
     
     
       3. The negative active material of  claim 1 , wherein the metal nanoparticles have an average particle diameter of from about 100 to about 500 nm. 
     
     
       4. The negative active material of  claim 1 , wherein the metal nanoparticles comprise at least one selected from the group consisting of Si, a Si—Y alloy, Sn, a Sn-Q alloy, Al, Ga, In, Pb, As, Sb, Ag, and combinations thereof;
 wherein Y and Q are each independently an element selected from the group consisting of an alkali metal, an alkaline-earth metal, a group 13 element, a group 14 element, a transition element, a rare earth element, and combinations thereof, 
 wherein Y is not Si; and 
 wherein Q is not Sn. 
 
     
     
       5. The negative active material of  claim 4 , wherein the element Y is selected from the group consisting of Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra, Sc, Y, La, Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Nb, Ta, Cr, Mo, W, Tc, Re, Fe, Ru, Os, Hs, Rh, Ir, Ni, Pd, Pt, Cu, Ag, Au, Zn, Cd, B, Ge, P, As, Sb, Bi, S, Se, Te, Po, and combinations thereof. 
     
     
       6. The negative active material of  claim 4 , wherein the metal is selected from the group consisting of Si, Sn, Al, Ge, and combinations thereof. 
     
     
       7. The negative active material of  claim 1 , wherein the pores include closed pores not connected to the shell and open pores connected to the shell. 
     
     
       8. The negative active material of  claim 1 , wherein the pores include closed pores not connected to the shell and open pores connected to the shell, and the metal nanoparticles are dispersed in the open pores. 
     
     
       9. The negative active material of  claim 1 , wherein the pores include closed pores not connected to the shell and open pores connected to the shell, and
 the amorphous carbon is dispersed in the closed pores and the open pores. 
 
     
     
       10. The negative active material of  claim 1 , wherein the content of the metal nanoparticles is from about 5 to about 30 wt % based on a total weight of the negative active material. 
     
     
       11. The negative active material of  claim 1 , wherein a content of the amorphous carbon is from about 10 to about 15 wt % based on a total weight of the negative active material. 
     
     
       12. The negative active material of  claim 1 , wherein the negative active material has a porosity from about 30 to about 50 volume % based on an entire volume of the negative active material. 
     
     
       13. The negative active material of  claim 1 , wherein the crystalline carbon is selected from the group consisting of natural graphite, artificial graphite and a mixture thereof. 
     
     
       14. The negative active material of  claim 1 , wherein the amorphous carbon is selected from the group consisting of soft carbon, a low temperature fired carbon, hard carbon, mesophase pitch carbide, fired coke and a mixture thereof. 
     
     
       15. A rechargeable lithium battery, comprising:
 an electrode comprising a negative active material comprising a crystalline carbon core including pores; an amorphous carbon shell positioned on a surface of the core; metal nanoparticles dispersed inside the pores; and amorphous carbon inside the pores, wherein a first particle diameter difference (D50−D10) of the nanoparticles is from about 70 to about 150 nm and the second particle diameter difference (D90−D50) of the nanoparticles is from about 440 to about 520 nm; 
 a positive electrode including a positive active material; and 
 a non-aqueous electrolyte. 
 
     
     
       16. The rechargeable lithium battery of  claim 15 , wherein the first particle diameter difference (D50−D10) of the nanoparticles is from about 90 to about 130 nm and the second particle diameter difference (D90−D50) of the nanoparticles is from about 440 to about 500 nm. 
     
     
       17. The rechargeable lithium battery of  claim 15 , wherein the metal nanoparticles have an average particle diameter from about 100 to about 500 nm. 
     
     
       18. The rechargeable lithium battery of  claim 15 , wherein the metal nanoparticles comprise at least one selected from the group consisting of Si, a Si—Y alloy, Sn, a Sn-Q alloy, Al, Ga, In, Pb, As, Sb, Ag, and combinations thereof;
 wherein Y and Q are each independently an element selected from the group consisting of an alkali metal, an alkaline-earth metal, a group 13 element, a group 14 element, a transition element, a rare earth element, and combinations thereof, 
 wherein Y is not Si; and 
 wherein Q is not Sn. 
 
     
     
       19. The rechargeable lithium battery of  claim 18 , wherein the metal is selected from the group consisting of Si, Sn, Al, Ge, and combinations thereof. 
     
     
       20. The rechargeable lithium battery of  claim 15 , wherein the pores include closed pores not connected to the shell and open pores connected to the shell. 
     
     
       21. The rechargeable lithium battery of  claim 15 , wherein the pores include closed pores not connected to the shell and open pores connected to the shell, and
 the metal nanoparticles are dispersed in the open pores. 
 
     
     
       22. The rechargeable lithium battery of  claim 15 , wherein the pores include closed pores not connected to the shell and open pores connected to the shell, and
 the amorphous carbon is dispersed in the closed pores and the open pores. 
 
     
     
       23. The rechargeable lithium battery of  claim 15 , wherein a content of the metal nanoparticles is from about 5 to about 30 wt % based on a total weight of the negative active material. 
     
     
       24. The rechargeable lithium battery of  claim 15 , wherein a content of the amorphous carbon is from about 10 to about 15 wt % based on a total weight of the negative active material. 
     
     
       25. The rechargeable lithium battery of  claim 15 , wherein the negative active material has a porosity from about 30 to about 50 volume % based on an entire volume of the negative active material. 
     
     
       26. The rechargeable lithium battery of  claim 15 , wherein the crystalline carbon is selected from the group consisting of natural graphite, artificial graphite and a mixture thereof. 
     
     
       27. The rechargeable lithium battery of  claim 15 , wherein the amorphous carbon is selected from the group consisting of soft carbon, a low temperature fired carbon, hard carbon, mesophase pitch carbide, fired coke and a mixture thereof.