Balanced unleaded fuel compositions

Abstract

Balanced unleaded fuel compositions exhibiting: a pump octane rating of greater than 93; a T50 (maximum) of 104.4° C. (220° F.) and a T90 (maximum) of 165.6° C. (330° F.), as required under the CARB Phase 3 model; and, producing a higher average torque and/or higher average power output than commercially available fuels stated to meet the CARB Phase 3 model.

What is claimed is: 
     
       1. A balanced unleaded fuel composition comprising:
 from about 2 vol. % to about 12 vol. % of a mixture of isoparaffins having 4 and carbon atoms; 
 from about 51 vol. % to about 73 vol. % alkylate having an initial boiling range of from about 34.4° C. (94° F.) to about 93.9° C. (201° F.) and a final boiling range of from about 109° C. (228.2° F.) to about 223° C. (433.4° F.), the alkylate comprising isoparaffins having from 4 to 13 carbon atoms, about 60 vol. % or more of the isoparaffins having from 7 to 8 carbon atoms; 
 from about 5 vol. % to about 15 vol. % of one or more alkanol having from about 2 to 4 carbon atoms; and 
 from about 7 vol. % to about 30 vol. % of an aromatic component comprising a quantity of one or more alkylated benzene having from 7 to 12 carbon atoms and an amount of a C9 aromatic component having a boiling range of from 161.7° C. (323° F.) to about 178° C. (352° F.), the C9 aromatic component comprising aromatic compounds having from about 8 to 11 carbon atoms, about 50 vol. % or more of the aromatic compounds having 9 carbon atoms; 
 wherein the balanced unleaded fuel composition exhibiting a pump octane rating of 100 or more, a T50 (maximum) of 104.4° C. (220° F.), and a T90 (maximum) of 165.6° C. (330° F.). 
 
     
     
       2. The balanced unleaded fuel composition of  claim 1  exhibiting:
 an average torque output value of greater than 545.29 N*m (402.19 Lbs*ft); and 
 an average power output value of greater than 351.65 BHP. 
 
     
     
       3. The balanced unleaded fuel composition of  claim 1  exhibiting:
 an average torque output value of 546.39 N*m (403 Lbs*ft) or more; and 
 an average power output value of 352 BHP or more. 
 
     
     
       4. The balanced unleaded fuel composition of  claim 1  wherein the one or more alkylated benzene and the C9 aromatic component have the following general structure; 
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         wherein: 
         in the one or more alkylated benzene, R, R 1 , and R 2  are selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and alkyl groups having from 1 to 2 carbon atoms; and 
         in the C9 aromatic component, R, R 1 , and R 2  are selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and alkyl groups having from 1 to 3 carbon atoms. 
       
     
     
       5. The balanced unleaded fuel composition of  claim 1  wherein:
 about 60 vol. % or more of the aromatic compounds have 9 carbon atoms; and 
 the alkylate comprises about 90 vol. % or more of the isoparaffins in having from 7 to 8 carbon atoms. 
 
     
     
       6. The balanced unleaded fuel composition of  claim 1  wherein the alkylate comprises:
 less than 2.2 volume % paraffins; 
 less than 1 volume % olefins; 
 less than 5 volume % naphthenes; and 
 less than 3 volume % aromatics. 
 
     
     
       7. The balanced unleaded fuel composition of  claim 1  wherein the alkylate comprises:
 less than 1 volume % paraffins; 
 less than 0.3 volume % olefins; 
 less than 3 volume % naphthenes; and 
 less than 3 volume % aromatics. 
 
     
     
       8. A balanced unleaded fuel composition comprising:
 from about 2 vol. % to about 12 vol. % of a mixture of isoparaffins having from 4 to 5 carbon atoms; 
 from about 51 vol. % to about 73 vol. % alkylate having an initial boiling range of from about 34.4° C. (94° F.) to about 93.9° C. (201° F.) and a final boiling range of from about 109° C. (228.2° F.) to about 223° C. (433.4° F.), the alkylate comprising isoparaffins having from 4 to 13 carbon atoms, about 60 vol. % or more of the isoparaffins having from 7 to 8 carbon atoms; 
 from about 5 vol. % to about 15 vol. % of one or more alkanol having from about 2 to 4 carbon atoms; 
 from about 7 vol. % to about 13 vol. % of one or more alkylated benzene having from 7 to 12 carbon atoms; and 
 from about 8 to about 14 vol. % of a C9 aromatic component having a boiling range of from 161.7° C. (323° F.) to about 178° C. (352° F.), the C9 aromatic component comprising aromatic compounds having from about 8 to 11 carbon atoms, about 50 vol. % or more of the aromatic compounds having 9 carbon atoms; 
 wherein the balanced unleaded fuel composition exhibiting a pump octane rating of 100 or more, a T50 (maximum) of 104.4° C. (220° F.), and a T90 (maximum) of 165.6° C. (330° F.). 
 
     
     
       9. The balanced unleaded fuel composition of  claim 8  exhibiting:
 an average torque output value of greater than 545.29 N*m (402.19 Lbs*ft); and 
 an average power output value of greater than 351.65 BHP. 
 
     
     
       10. The balanced unleaded fuel composition of  claim 8  exhibiting:
 an average torque output value of 546.39 N*m (403 Lbs*ft) or more; and 
 an average power output value of 352 BHP or more. 
 
     
     
       11. The balanced unleaded fuel composition of  claim 8  wherein the one or more alkylated benzene and the C9 aromatic component have the following general structure; 
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         wherein: 
         in the one or more alkylated benzene, R, R 1 , and R 2  are selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and alkyl groups having from 1 to 2 carbon atoms; and, 
         in the C9 aromatic component, R, R 1 , and R 2  are selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and alkyl groups having from 1 to 3 carbon atoms. 
       
     
     
       12. The balanced unleaded fuel composition of  claim 8  wherein:
 about 60 vol. % or more of the aromatic compounds have 9 carbon atoms; 
 and the alkylate comprises 90 vol. % or more of the isoparaffins in having from 7 to 8 carbon atoms. 
 
     
     
       13. The balanced unleaded fuel composition of  claim 8  wherein the alkylate comprises:
 less than 2.2 volume % paraffins; 
 less than 1 volume % olefins; 
 less than 5 volume % naphthenes; and 
 less than 3 volume % aromatics. 
 
     
     
       14. The balanced unleaded fuel composition of  claim 8  wherein the alkylate comprises:
 less than 1 volume % paraffins; 
 less than 0.3 volume % olefins; 
 less than 3 volume % naphthenes; and 
 less than 3 volume % aromatics. 
 
     
     
       15. A balanced unleaded fuel composition comprising:
 from about 2 vol. % to about 4 vol. % isobutane; 
 from about 3 vol. % to about 7 vol. % isopentane; 
 from about 49 vol. % to about 63 vol. % alkylate having an initial boiling range of from about 34.4° C. (94° F.) to about 93.9° C. (201° F.) and a final boiling range of from about 109.4° C. (228.4° F.) and 184.8° C. (364.7° F.), the alkylate comprising isoparaffins having from 4 to 13 carbon atoms, about 70 vol. % or more of the isoparaffins having from 7 to 8 carbon atoms; 
 from about 7 vol. % to about 10 vol. % of one or more alkanol having from about 2 to 4 carbon atoms; 
 from about 8 vol. % to about 12 vol. % of one or more alkylated benzene having from 7 to 12 carbon atoms; and 
 from about 9 to about 15 vol. % of a C9 aromatic component having a boiling range of from 161.7° C. (323° F.) to about 178° C. (352° F.), the C9 aromatic component comprising aromatic compounds having from about 8 to 11 carbon atoms, about 50 vol. % or more of the aromatic compounds having 9 carbon atoms; 
 wherein the unleaded fuel composition exhibits a pump octane rating of 99 or more, a T50 (maximum) of 104.4° C. (220° F.), and a T90 (maximum) of 165.6° C. (330° F.). 
 
     
     
       16. The balanced unleaded fuel composition of  claim 15  exhibiting:
 an average torque output value of greater than 545.29 N*m (402.19 Lbs*ft); and 
 an average power output value of greater than 351.65 BHP. 
 
     
     
       17. The balanced unleaded fuel composition of  claim 15  exhibiting:
 an average torque output value of 546.39 N*m (403 Lbs*ft) or more; and 
 an average power output value of 352 BHP or more. 
 
     
     
       18. The balanced unleaded fuel composition of  claim 15  exhibiting a pump octane rating of 100 or more. 
     
     
       19. The balanced unleaded fuel composition of  claim 16  exhibiting a pump octane rating of 100 or more. 
     
     
       20. The balanced unleaded fuel composition of  claim 15  wherein the alkylate comprises:
 less than 2.2 volume % paraffins; 
 less than 1 volume % olefins; 
 less than 5 volume % naphthenes; and 
 less than 3 volume % aromatics. 
 
     
     
       21. The balanced unleaded fuel composition of  claim 15  wherein the alkylate comprises:
 less than 1 volume % paraffins; 
 less than 0.3 volume % olefins; 
 less than 3 volume % naphthenes; and 
 less than 3 volume % aromatics. 
 
     
     
       22. A balanced unleaded fuel composition comprising:
 about 2.5 vol. % isobutane; 
 about 5 vol. % isopentane; 
 about 60.5 vol. % alkylate having an initial boiling range of from about 34.4° C. (94° F.) to about 93.9° C. (201° F.) and a final boiling range of from about 109.4° C. (228.4° F.) and 184° C. (364.7° F.), the alkylate comprising isoparaffins having from 4 to 13 carbon atoms, about 90 vol. % or more of the isoparaffins having from 7 to 8 carbon atoms; 
 about 10 vol. % ethanol; 
 about 10 vol. % toluene; and 
 about 12 vol. % of a C9 aromatic component having a boiling range of from 161.7° C. (323° F.) to about 178° C. (352° F.), the C9 aromatic component comprising aromatic compounds having from about 8 to 11 carbon atoms, about 80 vol. % or more of the aromatic compounds having 9 carbon atoms; 
 wherein the unleaded fuel composition exhibits a pump octane rating of 100 or more, a T50 (maximum) of 104.4° C. (220° F.), and a T90 (maximum) of 165.6° C. (330° F.). 
 
     
     
       23. The balanced unleaded fuel composition of  claim 22  exhibiting:
 an average torque output value of greater than 545.29 N*m (402.19 Lbs*ft); and 
 an average power output value of greater than 351.65 BHP. 
 
     
     
       24. The balanced unleaded fuel composition of  claim 22  exhibiting:
 an average torque output value of 546.39 N*m (403 Lbs*ft) or more; and 
 an average power output value of 352 BHP or more. 
 
     
     
       25. The balanced unleaded fuel composition of  claim 22  wherein the alkylate comprises:
 less than 2.2 volume % paraffins; 
 less than 1 volume % olefins; 
 less than 5 volume % naphthenes; and 
 less than 3 volume % aromatics. 
 
     
     
       26. The balanced unleaded fuel composition of  claim 22  wherein the alkylate comprises:
 less than 1 volume % paraffins; 
 less than 0.3 volume % olefins; 
 less than 3 volume % naphthenes; and 
 less than 3 volume % aromatics.