Hydrogen storage method and system

Abstract

A method and system for storing and supplying hydrogen to a hydrogen pipeline in which a compressed hydrogen feed stream is introduced into a salt cavern for storage and a stored hydrogen stream is retrieved from the salt cavern and reintroduced into the hydrogen pipeline. A minimum quantity of stored hydrogen is maintained in the salt cavern to produce a stagnant layer having a carbon dioxide content along the cavern wall and the top of a residual brine layer located within the salt cavern. The compressed hydrogen feed stream is introduced into the salt cavern and the stored hydrogen stream is withdrawn without disturbing the stagnant layer to prevent carbon dioxide contamination from being drawn into the stored hydrogen stream being reintroduced into the hydrogen pipeline. This allows the stored hydrogen stream to be reintroduced into the hydrogen pipeline without carbon dioxide removal.

I claim:  
     
       1. A method of storing and supplying hydrogen to a hydrogen pipeline comprising:
 compressing a feed stream of the hydrogen to produce a compressed hydrogen feed stream; 
 injecting the compressed hydrogen feed stream into a salt cavern to produce stored hydrogen within the salt cavern through at least one conduit and withdrawing a stored hydrogen stream, composed of the stored hydrogen, from the salt cavern through the at least one conduit, the salt cavern having a residual brine layer located at a bottom region of the salt cavern and side regions extending upwardly from the bottom region of the salt cavern and the at least one conduit having at least one lower end located in an interior region of the salt cavern and spaced above the brine layer and from the side regions of the salt cavern; 
 introducing the stored hydrogen stream after having been withdrawn from the salt cavern into the pipeline; 
 maintaining at least a minimum quantity of the stored hydrogen within the salt cavern before, during, and between times at which the compressed hydrogen feed stream is injected and at which the stored hydrogen stream is withdrawn; and 
 limiting the flow rates and the velocities at which the compressed hydrogen feed stream is injected into the salt cavern such that, as measured at the at least one lower end of the at least one conduit, the compressed hydrogen feed stream is injected at an injection ratio equal to an injection flow rate of the compressed hydrogen feed stream to the actual cavern volume of no greater than 7.5 scfd/cf and at an injection velocity of the compressed hydrogen feed stream of no greater than 100 feet per second and the stored hydrogen stream is withdrawn at a withdrawal ratio equal to the withdrawal flow rate of the stored hydrogen stream to the actual cavern volume of no greater than 10.0 scfd/cf and at a withdrawal velocity of the stored hydrogen stream of no greater than 150 feet per second such that the stored hydrogen stream is withdrawn from the salt cavern. 
 
     
     
       2. The method of  claim 1 , further comprising:
 removing water from the stored hydrogen stream prior to injection into the pipeline. 
 
     
     
       3. The method of  claim 1 , wherein the combined carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide content of the hydrogen stored and supplied to the hydrogen pipeline is less than 10 parts per million. 
     
     
       4. The method of  claim 1 , further comprising:
 compressing the hydrogen feed stream to a pressure above the pipeline pressure within the pipeline; 
 storing the hydrogen at a cavern pressure that is above the pipeline pressure; 
 removing the stored hydrogen stream from the salt cavern as a consequence of the cavern pressure; and 
 reducing the pressure of the stored hydrogen stream to the pipeline pressure prior to injecting the stored hydrogen stream into the pipeline. 
 
     
     
       5. The method of  claim 1 , wherein the at least one conduit has an injection conduit and a withdrawal conduit and the compressed hydrogen feed stream is injected into the salt cavern through the injection conduit and the stored hydrogen stream is withdrawn from the salt cavern through the withdrawal conduit. 
     
     
       6. The method of  claim 1 , wherein the at least one conduit comprises an injection conduit having a flow diffuser from which at least the compressed hydrogen feed stream is injected into the salt cavern. 
     
     
       7. The method of  claim 1 , wherein the minimum volume of the hydrogen stored within the salt cavern is maintained at a volume ratio equal to a stored volume of the hydrogen to the actual cavern volume of no less than 29.0 scf/cf;
 the at least one lower end of the at least one conduit is open; 
 the at least one lower end of the at least one conduit is spaced from the residual brine layer at a lower vertical distance of no less than 250 feet; 
 the at least one lower end of the at least one conduit is spaced from the side regions of the salt cavern at a lateral distance of no less than 40 feet from a vertical line extending between 10 and 250 feet below the at least one lower end of the at least one conduit. 
 
     
     
       8. The method of  claim 7 , wherein the at least one lower end of the at least one conduit is spaced below a top region of the salt cavern, located opposite to the bottom region of the salt cavern; and
 the at least one lower end of the at least one conduit is spaced from the top region of the salt cavern at an upper vertical distance of no less than 50 feet. 
 
     
     
       9. The method of  claim 7  or  claim 8 , wherein the hydrogen feed stream contains less than 1.0 ppmv carbon dioxide and less than 8 ppmv carbon monoxide and a sum of a carbon dioxide content and carbon monoxide content in the stored hydrogen stream is less than 10 ppmv. 
     
     
       10. The method of  claim 7  or  claim 8 , wherein hydrogen feed stream contains less than 0.1 ppmv carbon dioxide and less than 0.6 ppmv carbon monoxide and a sum of a carbon dioxide content and carbon monoxide content in the stored hydrogen stream is less than 1.0 ppmv. 
     
     
       11. A method of storing and supplying hydrogen to a hydrogen pipeline comprising:
 compressing a feed stream of the hydrogen to produce a compressed hydrogen feed stream; 
 injecting the compressed hydrogen feed stream into a salt cavern to produce stored hydrogen within the salt cavern through at least one conduit and withdrawing a stored hydrogen stream, composed of the stored hydrogen, from the salt cavern through the at least one conduit, the salt cavern having a residual brine layer located at a bottom region of the salt cavern and side regions extending upwardly from the bottom region of the salt cavern; 
 introducing the stored hydrogen stream after having been withdrawn from the salt cavern into the pipeline within the stored hydrogen stream; 
 maintaining at least a minimum quantity of the stored hydrogen within the salt cavern before, during, and between times at which the compressed hydrogen feed stream is injected and at which the stored hydrogen stream is withdrawn; and 
 limiting the flow rates at which the compressed hydrogen feed stream is injected into the salt cavern such that, as measured at the at least one lower end of the at least one conduit, the compressed hydrogen feed stream is injected at an injection ratio equal to an injection flow rate of the compressed hydrogen feed stream to the actual cavern volume of no greater than 7.5 scfd/cf and the stored hydrogen stream is withdrawn at a withdrawal ratio equal to the withdrawal flow rate of the stored hydrogen stream to the actual cavern volume of no greater than 10.0 scfd/cf. 
 
     
     
       12. A method of storing and supplying hydrogen to a hydrogen pipeline comprising:
 compressing a feed stream of the hydrogen to produce a compressed hydrogen feed stream; 
 injecting the compressed hydrogen feed stream into a salt cavern to produce stored hydrogen within the salt cavern through at least one conduit and, the salt cavern having a residual brine layer located at a bottom region of the salt cavern and side regions extending upwardly from the bottom region of the salt cavern and the at least one conduit; 
 introducing the stored hydrogen stream after having been withdrawn from the salt cavern into the pipeline within the stored hydrogen stream; 
 maintaining at least a minimum quantity of the stored hydrogen within the salt cavern before, during, and between times at which the compressed hydrogen feed stream is injected and at which the stored hydrogen stream is withdrawn; and 
 limiting the velocities at which the compressed hydrogen feed stream is injected into the salt cavern such that, as measured at the at least one lower end of the at least one conduit, at an injection velocity of the compressed hydrogen feed stream of no greater than 100 feet per second and the stored hydrogen stream is withdrawn at a velocity of the stored hydrogen stream of no greater than 150 feet per second. 
 
     
     
       13. A method for storing hydrogen in a salt cavern connected to a hydrogen pipeline and supplying the stored hydrogen to the hydrogen pipeline comprising:
 drawing a hydrogen feed stream from the pipeline; 
 compressing the feed stream to produce a compressed hydrogen feed stream; 
 feeding the compressed hydrogen feed stream into an annular space within the salt cavern at a limited predetermined flow rate and velocity wherein the limited flow rate is such that an injection ratio exists that is equal to the injection flow rate divided by the actual cavern volume of the salt cavern that is no greater than 7.5 scfd/cf of salt cavern volume and the injection velocity of the compressed hydrogen feed stream is not greater than 100 feet per second and forming stored hydrogen within the salt cavern; 
 withdrawing the stored hydrogen from the salt cavern at a predetermined limited flow rate and velocity wherein the limited flow rate is such that a withdrawal ratio of the withdrawal flow rate to the salt cavern volume is no greater than 10.0 scfd/cf and at a velocity is not greater than 150 feet per second; 
 returning the stored hydrogen to the hydrogen pipeline; and 
 maintaining the pressure within the salt cavern within a maximum pressure and a minimum pressure such that the structural integrity of the salt cavern is not substantially compromised.