Strength analyzer and method of using same

Abstract

An otherwise conventional Jamar dynamometer is provided with a force transducer. The analog output of the force transducer is sampled at regular intervals and converted to a sequence of digital values by a conventional analog-to-digital converter. The digital output of the converter is processed by a conventional computer in real time to produce an output that clearly indicates the maximum force exerted by the subject and whether or not the subject was sincerely attempting to exert a maximum force while the test was in process. Preferably the output comprises both a graphic display of the forces exerted by the subject over a predetermined interval of time and a statistical analysis of those forces. The output data includes calculated discriminator variables which indicate with a high statistical accuracy whether the subject was sincerely exerting a maximal force on the dynamometer when instructed to do so. In an exemplary embodiment, the computer is a MSTM DOS compatible microcomputer and the analog-to-digital converter is a conventional accessory device that is adapted to be mounted in an expansion slot of such a microcomputer.

What is claimed is: 
     
       1. A method for measuring grip strength of a subject, comprising the steps of: (a) providing a grip strength dynamometer with a transducer having an electrical output which produces an analog signal representative of the force with which the dynamometer is gripped;   (b) coupling the electrical output from the transducer to an input of a digital computer via an analog to digital converter;   (c) having the subject grip the dynamometer with a maximal contraction effort for a first predetermined period of time using a designated first hand;   (d) inputting to the computer digital data representative of samples of the gripping force applied to the dynamometer during the first predetermined period;   (e) calculating for the first hand from the sampled force data a first value for a first discriminator;   (f) inputting to the computer digital data samples of the applied force while the subject is gripping the dynamometer with a maximal contraction effort for a second predetermined period of time but with his other hand;   (g) calculating a second value for said first discriminator from the sampled second hand force data;   (h) comparing the calculated first and second hand values of the first discriminator to calculate a value for a second discriminator based on the difference thereof;   (i) combining the calculated second discriminator value with the calculated value of another discriminator having a different statistical distribution to that of the second discriminator to form a combined discriminator value; and   (j) determining whether the combined discriminator value is within a range that has been previously determined experimentally to indicate with a predetermined level of confidence the sincerity of the subject.   
     
     
       2. The method of claim 1 wherein said calculated value of another discriminator is calculated from only data samples that are input while the subject is gripping the dynamometer with his first hand. 
     
     
       3. The method of claim 1 wherein said computer determines the beginning and end of each said predetermined period and a value for the average force applied to the dynamometer during a defined portion of each said predetermined period, and   at least one of said first discriminator and said another discriminator is a function of both the thus-determined value for the average force and of a calculated value of a peak force.   
     
     
       4. The method of claim 3 wherein said first discriminator is the ratio of the calculated average force value to the calculated peak force value. 
     
     
       5. The method of claim 4 wherein said another discriminator is also a function of said calculated average force value and of said calculated peak force value, and   said another discriminator has a different distribution than that of said first discriminator.   
     
     
       6. The method of claim 3 wherein each said predetermined period is a five second period commencing with the application of a threshold force and said defined portion is the terminal 60% of said five second period. 
     
     
       7. The method of claim 1 further comprising the step of (k) outputting the sampled force data in graphic form.   
     
     
       8. Apparatus for determining .[.grip.]. strength comprising: a .[.grip strength.]. dynamometer .Iadd.responsive to a force applied thereto by a subject.Iaddend.;   an electrical transducer attached to the dynamometer and having an analog output which produces an analog signal representative of the force .[.with which.]. .Iadd.applied to .Iaddend.the dynamometer .[.is gripped.].;   an analog to digital converter having an analog input for receiving analog data and a digital output for outputting digital data corresponding to the analog data at said analog input, said analog input being coupled to said analog output .Iadd.of said electrical transducer.Iaddend.;   a digital computer having a digital input for digital data coupled to said digital output from the analog to digital converter, said digital computer further comprising:   timer means for establishing a first predetermined period of time, and   calculating means for deriving from the digital data applied to said digital input during said first predetermined period of time:   a first calculated value corresponding to the average force applied to the dynamometer during a defined portion of said first predetermined period,   a second calculated value corresponding to the peak force applied to the dynamometer during said first predetermined period,   third and fourth calculated values for respective first and second discriminator functions, said first and second discriminator functions each being a function of the average force and the peak force, but having different statistical distributions for sincere and faking subjects, and   a fifth calculated value for a combined discriminator function which is derived from said first and second discriminator functions, said combined discriminator function being such that it more reliably differentiates between sincere and faking subjects than either of said first or second discriminator functions.   
     
     
       9. The apparatus of claim 8 .Iadd.wherein said dynamometer is adapted to be gripped by either hand of the subject, said apparatus .Iaddend.further comprising means for inputting to the computer digital data samples of the applied force while the subject is gripping the dynamometer with a maximal contraction effort for a second predetermined period of time but with his other hand. 
     
     
       10. The apparatus of claim 9 further comprising means for determining a sixth calculated value corresponding to said first discriminator function but using the second hand force data sampled during said second predetermined period of time. 
     
     
       11. The apparatus of claim 10 further comprising means for using the difference between said third calculated value and said sixth calculated value in determining said fourth calculated value. 
     
     
       12. The apparatus of claim 11 further comprising means for combining said fourth calculated value with a seventh calculated value corresponding to a third discriminator function having a different statistical distribution than that of the second discriminator to form a combined discriminator value. 
     
     
       13. The apparatus of claim 9 further comprising recording means coupled to said computer and responsive to said calculating means, for providing a permanent record of the use of the apparatus for measuring the grip strength of both hands of a single subject, including graphical data representative of force applied by the subject, and alphanumeric data presenting the test results in summary form.   
     
     
       14. The apparatus of claim 13 further comprising display means coupled to said computer and responsive to said calculating means, for providing a display of selected data while the apparatus is being used to measure the grip strength of said single subject, including graphical data representative of the variations of the force applied by the subject over said first and second predetermined periods of time and alphanumeric data presenting the test results.   
     
     
       15. The apparatus of claim 8 further comprising means for determining whether the calculated value of said combined discriminator function is within a range that has been previously determined experimentally to indicate with a predetermined level of confidence the sincerity of the subject. 
     
     
       16. The apparatus of claim 8 further comprising display means coupled to said computer and responsive to said calculating means, for providing a display of selected data while the apparatus is being used to measure the grip strength of a single subject, including graphical data representative of the variations of the force applied by the subject over said first predetermined period of time and alphanumeric data presenting the test results in summary form. .Iadd.17. The apparatus of claim 8 wherein   said fifth calculated value is substantially equal to said third calculated value and said combined discriminator function is substantially equal to said first discriminator function if the subject is male, and   said fifth calculated value is substantially equal to said fourth calculated value and said combined discriminator function is substantially equal to said second discriminator function if the subject is female. .Iaddend..Iadd.18. The apparatus of claim 17 wherein   said first discriminator function is substantially proportional to the ratio of the difference of the peak and average forces to their product, and   said second discriminator function is substantially proportional to the ratio of the difference of the n th  root of the peak and average forces to their product. .Iaddend..Iadd.19. The apparatus of claim 18   
     
     
        wherein n is equal to 4. .Iaddend..Iadd.20.  Apparatus for determining muscle strength comprising: a dynamometer responsive to a force applied to the dynamometer by a contracted muscle of a human subject;   an electrical transducer attached to the dynamometer and having an analog output which produces an analog signal representative of the force applied to the dynamometer;   an analog to digital converter having an analog input for receiving analog data and a digital output for outputting digital data corresponding to the analog data at said analog input, said analog input being coupled to said analog output;   a digital computer having a digital input for digital data coupled to said digital output from the analog to digital converter, said digital computer further comprising: timer means for establishing a first predetermined period of time, and   calculating means for deriving from the digital data applied to said digital input during said first predetermined period of time; a first calculated value corresponding to the average force applied to the dynamometer during a defined portion of said first predetermined period,   a second calculated value corresponding to the peak force applied to the dynamometer during said first predetermined period,   a third calculated value for a respective first discriminator function substantially proportional to the ratio of the difference of the peak and average forces to their product,   a fourth calculated value for a respective second discriminator function substantially proportional substantially proportional to the ratio of the difference of the nth root of the peak and average forces to their product, wherein said third calculated value is used to differentiate between sincere and faking male subjects and said fourth calculated value is used to differentiate between sincere and faking female subjects. .Iaddend..Iadd.21. The apparatus of claim 20 wherein n is equal to 4.         
     
     
        .Iaddend..Iadd.22.  A method for determining whether or not a human subject is making a sincere effort to apply maximum force, the method comprising the steps of: (a) having the subject apply force to a dynamometer with a purported maximal effort for a predetermined period of time;   (b) determining a maximal force and an average force applied during a designated portion of the predetermined period of time;   (c) calculating at least one of a first discriminator value proportional to a ratio of a difference of the maximal and average forces and a product of the maximal and average forces, and a second discriminator value proportional to a ratio of a difference of nth roots of the maximal and average forces and the product of the maximal and average forces, wherein the first discriminator value is calculated according to the following equation:   D4=K.sub.1 ·(F.sub.max -F.sub.ave)/(F.sub.max ·F.sub.ave),     and the second discriminator value is calculated according to the following equation: ##EQU4## where D4 and D5 are the first and second discriminator values, respectively, and F max  and F ave  are the maximal and average forces, respectively, and K 1  and K 2  are constants; and     (d) comparing at least one of the first and second discriminator values to a corresponding one of first and second predetermined discriminator values, respectively, and determining whether the subject is making a sincere effort based on the comparison,   wherein the first and second predetermined discriminator values are previously obtained by performing steps (a) to (c) for members of an   
     
     
        experimental group. .Iaddend..Iadd.23.  The method of claim 22 wherein both the first and second discriminator values are calculated and compared to the first and second predetermined discriminator values in the step of 
     
     
        comparing for male and female subjects. .Iaddend..Iadd.24.  Apparatus for determining strength comprising: a dynamometer responsive to a force applied to the dynamometer by a human subject;   an electrical transducer attached to the dynamometer and having an analog output which produces an analog signal representative of the force applied to the dynamometer   an analog to digital converter having an analog input for receiving analog data and a digital output for outputting digital data corresponding to the analog data at said analog input, said analog input being coupled to aid analog output of said electrical transducer;   a digital computer having a digital input for digital data coupled to said digital output from the analog to the digital converter, said digital computer further comprising:   timer means for establishing a first predetermined period of time, and   calculating means for deriving from the digital data applied to said digital input during said first predetermined period of time;   a first calculated value corresponding to the average force applied to the dynamometer during a defined portion of said first predetermined period,   a second calculated value corresponding to the peak force applied to the dynamometer during said first predetermined period,   third and fourth calculated values for respective first and second discriminator functions, said first and second discriminator functions each being a function of the average force and the peak force, but having different statistical distributions for sincere and faking subjects, wherein the first discriminator value is calculated according to the following equation:   D4=K.sub.1 ·(F.sub.max -F.sub.ave)/(F.sub.max ·F.sub.ave),     and the second discriminator value is calculated according to the following equation: ##EQU5## where D4 and D5 are the first and second discriminator values, respectively, and F max  and F ave  are the maximal and average forces, respectively, and K 1  and K 2  are constants,     wherein the computer comprises means for comparing at least one of the third and fourth calculated values to a corresponding one of first and second predetermined stored discriminator values, respectively, and for determining whether the subject is making a sincere effort based on the comparison,   wherein the first and second predetermined discriminator values are obtained for members of an experimental group and stored in the computer.   
     
     
        .Iaddend..Iadd.25.  The apparatus of claim 24 wherein the means for calculating calculates both the first and second discriminator values, and the means for comparing compares these values with a combination of the first and second predetermined discriminator values. .Iaddend..Iadd.26. The method of claim 22 wherein the force applied to the dynamometer is by the subject gripping the dynamometer. .Iaddend..Iadd.27. The apparatus of claim 24, wherein the dynamometer comprises a grip strength dynamometer. .Iaddend..Iadd.28. The apparatus of claim 22, wherein n equals 4. .Iaddend..Iadd.29. The method of claim 24, wherein n equals 4. 
     
     
        .Iaddend..Iadd.30.  A method for determining whether or not a human subject is making a sincere effort to apply maximum force using a contracted muscle group, the method comprising the steps of: (a) having the subject apply force to a dynamometer with a purported maximal effort for a predetermined period of time;   (b) determining a maximal force and an average force applied during a designated portion of the predetermined period of time;   (c) calculating at least one of a first discriminator value (D4) proportional to a ratio of a function of a difference of the maximal and average forces and a function of a product of the maximal and average forces, and a second discriminator value (D5) proportional to a ratio of a function of a difference of nth roots of the maximal and average forces and a function of the product of the maximal and average forces, and   (d) comparing at least one of the first and second discriminator values to a corresponding one of first and second predetermined discriminator values, respectively, and determining whether the subject is making a sincere effort based on the comparison,   wherein the first and second predetermined discriminator values are previously obtained by performing steps (a) to (c) for members of an experimental group. .Iaddend..Iadd.31. The method of claim 30 wherein both the first and second discriminator values are calculated and compared to the first and second predetermined discriminator values in the step of   
     
     
        comparing for male and female subjects. .Iaddend..Iadd.32.  Apparatus for determining sincerity of effort comprising: a dynamometer responsive to a force applied to the dynamometer by a contracted muscle of a human subject;   an electrical transducer attached to the dynamometer and having an analog output which produces an analog signal representative of the force applied to the dynamometer;   an analog o digital converter having an analog input for receiving analog data and a digital output for outputting digital data corresponding to the analog data at said analog input, said analog input being coupled to said analog output of said electrical transducer;   a digital computer having a digital input for digital data coupled to said digital output from the analog to digital converter, said digital computer further comprising:   timer means for establishing a first predetermined period of time; and   calculating means for deriving from the digital data applied to said digital input during said first predetermined period of time:   a first calculated value corresponding to the average force applied to the dynamometer during a defined portion of said first predetermined period,   a second calculated value corresponding to the peak force applied to the dynamometer during said first predetermined period,   third and fourth calculated values for respective first and second discriminator functions (D4, D5), said first and second discriminator functions each being a function of the average force and the peak force, but having different statistical distributions for sincere and faking subjects, wherein the first discriminator value is proportional to a ratio of a function of the difference of the peak and average forces to a function of a product of the peak and average forces, and   the second discriminator value is proportional to a ratio of a function of the difference of nth roots of the peak and average forces to a function of a product of the peak and average forces,   wherein the computer comprises means for comparing at least one of the third and fourth calculated values to a corresponding one of first and second predetermined stored discriminator values, respectively, and for determining whether the subject is making a sincere effort based on the comparison,   wherein the first and second predetermined discriminator values are obtained for members of an experimental group and stored in the computer.   
     
     
        .Iaddend..Iadd.33.  The apparatus of claim 32 wherein the means for calculating calculates both the first and second discriminator values, and the means for comparing compares these values with a combination of the first and second predetermined discriminator values. .Iaddend..Iadd.34. The method of claim 30 wherein the force applied to the dynamometer is by the subject gripping the dynamometer. .Iaddend..Iadd.35. The apparatus of claim 32 wherein the dynamometer comprises a grip strength dynamometer. .Iaddend..Iadd.36. The method of claim 30 wherein the nth roots are the 4th roots. .Iaddend..Iadd.37. The apparatus of claim 32 wherein the nth roots are the 4th roots. .Iaddend.