Temperature compensated high power bandpass filter

Abstract

A bandpass filter makes use of at least one waveguide cavity that is thermally compensated to minimize drift of a resonant frequency of the cavity with thermal expansion of cavity components. The compensation relies on deformation of the shape of at least one cavity surface in response to thermally-induced dimensional changes of the cavity. A control rod is used to limit the movement of a point on the deformed surface, while the rest of the surface moves with the thermal expansion. The control rod is made of a material having a coefficient of thermal expansion that is significantly different than that of other filter components. The rod may also be arranged to span more thermally expandable material than defines the filter such that, as the filter expands, the point of deflection is moved toward the interior of the filter beyond its original position. A similar effect may be accomplished by connecting the control rod to an end deflecting rod that does the actual limiting of the movement of the deflection point. If the end deflecting rod has a coefficient of thermal expansion that is higher than that of the control rod, the end deflecting rod will expand with temperature relative to the end of the control rod, forcing the deflection point inward.

1. A bandpass filter comprising:
 a waveguide cavity in which an input electrical signal resonates at a desired resonant frequency, the cavity having a longitudinal portion that extends in a longitudinal dimension and surrounds an interior of the cavity and an end portion that contacts the longitudinal portion so as to close off one end of the cavity along the longitudinal dimension, the longitudinal portion being prone to thermal expansion in the longitudinal dimension; and  
 a control rod that inhibits relative movement between a point on the end portion and a point on the longitudinal portion away from the end portion such that thermally-induced changes in the longitudinal dimension of the a  first surface result in a distortion of the shape of the end portion that inhibits a change in the resonant frequency.  
 
     
     
       2. A filter according to  claim 1  wherein the control rod, in response to the expansion of the cavity, causes the end portion to be deflected toward an interior of the cavity. 
     
     
       3. A filter according to  claim 2  wherein the deflection is a concave deflection. 
     
     
       4. A filter according to  claim 2  wherein the end portion is part of an end plate of the cavity. 
     
     
       5. A filter according to  claim 2  wherein, prior to said dimension changes of the cavity, the end portion resides substantially in a first plane and, after the dimension changes and the response of the thermal compensator, the end portion resides in a three-dimensional space that crosses the first plane. 
     
     
       6. A filter according to  claim 1  wherein the control rod fixes a predetermined location on the longitudinal portion to a lateral support, the lateral support being connected to an end deflecting rod that limits movement of said point on the end portion relative to the control rod. 
     
     
       7. A filter according to  claim 6  wherein the end deflecting rod comprises a material having a coefficient of thermal expansion significantly greater than that of the control rod. 
     
     
       8. A filter according to  claim 1  wherein said point on the end portion resides in a first plane perpendicular to the longitudinal dimension at a first temperature and, in response to said thermally-induced changes, is displaced substantially out of the first plane. 
     
     
       9. A filter according to  claim 1  wherein the waveguide cavity is a first waveguide cavity, and wherein the filter further comprises a second waveguide cavity coupled with the first waveguide cavity so as to receive a filtered version of the input signal output by the first waveguide cavity. 
     
     
       10. A filter according to  claim 9  wherein the filter is a multiple section filter and further comprises a coaxial resonator electrically coupled to the waveguide cavities. 
     
     
       11. A filter according to  claim 10  wherein the filter is a six-section filter and comprises two waveguide cavities and two coaxial resonators. 
     
     
       12. A filter according to  claim 11  wherein the coaxial resonators are coupled to the waveguide cavities via impedance inverters. 
     
     
       13. A bandpass filter comprising:
 a waveguide cavity in which an input electrical signal resonates at a desired resonant frequency, the cavity having a plurality of surfaces each with a predetermined geometric shape, a first one of the surfaces being subject to thermal expansion upon an increase in filter temperature, said thermal expansion resulting in an increase in dimensions of the cavity; and  
 a thermal compensator comprising: 
 a control rod having a first end fixed to a predetermined location on a housing of the filter and a second end apart from the first end in a direction of said thermal expansion, the control rod having a coefficient of thermal expansion significantly different than that of the first surface; and  
 a deflecting rod having a first end fixed, in the thermal expansion direction, relative to the second end of the control rod, the deflecting rod limiting movement of a point on a second one of said surfaces in the a  first direction such that, in response to thermally-induced changes in dimensions of the cavity, the shape of the second surface is distorted to counteract an increase in cavity dimension.  
 
 
     
     
       14. A method of limiting a shift in the resonant frequency of a waveguide cavity bandpass filter that would otherwise result from thermal expansion of a longitudinal portion of the filter that extends in a longitudinal dimension and surrounds an interior of the cavity, wherein the longitudinal portion is connected to an end portion that closes off one end of the cavity along the longitudinal dimension, the method comprising inhibiting relative movement between a point on the end portion and a point on the longitudinal portion away from the end portion such that thermally-induced changes in the longitudinal dimension of the first surface result in a distortion of the shape of the end portion that inhibits a change in the resonant frequency. 
     
     
       15. A method according to  claim 14  wherein the distortion comprises a deflection of the end portion toward an interior of the cavity. 
     
     
       16. A method according to  claim 14  wherein the method comprises providing a control rod having a coefficient of thermal expansion that is significantly lower than that of the longitudinal portion and that limits said relative movement. 
     
     
       17. A method according to  claim 14  further comprising:
 determining a theoretical amount of movement of the end portion relative to other surfaces of the cavity that would be required to compensate for a shift in resonant frequency of the cavity due to thermally-induced changes in the dimensions of the cavity if the shape of the end portion was not distorted; and  
 setting an amount of a deflection of the end portion that would occur due to an expected thermal expansion of the longitudinal portion to be equal to said theoretical amount of surface movement plus an additional amount to compensate for distortion of the first surface.  
 
     
     
       18. A method according to  claim 17  wherein said additional amount is determined empirically. 
     
     
       19. A method according to  claim 16  wherein the control rod fixes a predetermined location on the longitudinal portion to an end deflecting rod that limits movement of said point on the end portion relative to the control rod. 
     
     
       20. A method according to  claim 19  wherein the end deflecting rod comprises a material having a coefficient of thermal expansion significantly greater than that of the control rod. 
     
     
       21. A method according to  claim 14  wherein the waveguide cavity is a first waveguide cavity, and wherein the filter further comprises a second waveguide cavity coupled with the first waveguide cavity so as to receive a filtered version of the input signal output by the first waveguide cavity. 
     
     
       22. A method according to  claim 21  wherein the filter is a multiple section filter and the method further comprises providing a coaxial resonator electrically coupled to the waveguide cavities. 
     
     
       23. A method according to  claim 22  wherein the filter is a six-section filter and the method comprises providing two waveguide cavities and two coaxial resonators. 
     
     
       24. A method according to  claim 23  wherein the method further comprises coupling each of the coaxial resonators to the waveguide cavities via impedance inverters. 
     
     
       25. A method of thermally compensating a bandpass filter having a waveguide cavity in which an input electrical signal resonates at a desired resonant frequency, wherein the cavity has a longitudinal portion that is subject to thermal expansion in a longitudinal dimension upon an increase in the filter temperature and an end portion that closes off one end of the cavity along the longitudinal dimension, said thermal expansion resulting in an increase in dimensions of the cavity, the method comprising:
 providing a control rod having a first end fixed to a predetermined location on the longitudinal portion and a second end apart from the first end in a direction of said thermal expansion, the control rod having a coefficient of thermal expansion significantly different than that of the a  first surface; and  
 fixing a first end of a deflecting rod to the second end of the control rod in the thermal expansion direction, and locating the deflecting rod so as to limit movement of a point on the end portion in a first direction in the longitudinal dimension such that, in response to thermally-induced changes in dimensions of the cavity, the shape of the end portion is distorted so as to inhibit any change in the desired resonant frequency due to said increase in cavity dimensions.  
 
     
     
       26. A bandpass filter having a normal operating temperature greater than ambient temperature, comprising:
 ( a )  a waveguide cavity;      ( b )  an elongated structure located external to said cavity in the ambient environment and having a temperature lower than said operating temperature of said cavity when said cavity is in use, said structure being mechanically coupled to said cavity between two points spaced by a predetermined separation distance,  
   i. the structure having a CTE  ( coefficient of thermal expansion )  and an operating temperature relative to the CTE and the operating temperature of said cavity which causes said separation distance between the points on the cavity to expand or contract more than said structure expands or contracts across said separation distance when the operating temperature of the cavity changes,    
   ( c )  the resulting temperature - induced dimensional differences between said structure and said cavity across said separation distance creating temperature - dependent mechanical movement of said structure relative to said cavity which is employed to reduce the frequency drift of said cavity with variations in operating temperature.     
     
     
       27. The filter of  claim 26  wherein said cavity is composed at least in part of aluminum, and said structure is composed of a material with a CTE lower than the CTE of aluminum. 
     
     
       28. The filter of  claim 27  wherein said structure is composed at least in part of Invar. 
     
     
       29. The filter of  claim 26  wherein said structure includes a first section composed of material having a CTE lower than the CTE of the cavity and a connected second section composed of a material having a CTE higher than the CTE of the first section of the structure. 
     
     
       30. The filter of  claim 29  wherein said second section is coupled directly to said cavity. 
     
     
       31. A bandpass filter having a normal operating temperature greater than ambient temperature, comprising:
 ( a )  a waveguide cavity;      ( b )  an elongated structure located external to said cavity in the ambient environment and having a temperature lower than said operating temperature of said cavity when said cavity is in use, said structure being mechanically coupled to said cavity between two points spaced by a predetermined separation distance,  
   i. the structure having a CTE and an operating temperature relative to the CTE and the operating temperature of said cavity which causes said separation distance between the points on the cavity to expand or contract more than said structure expands or contacts across said separation distance when the operating temperature of the cavity changes,    
   ( c )  the resulting temperature - induced dimensional differences between said structure and said cavity across said separation distance creating temperature - dependent mechanical movement of said structure relative to said cavity which is employed to deform cavity and thereby to reduce the frequency drift of said cavity with variations in operating temperature.     
     
     
       32. The filter of  claim 31  wherein said cavity is composed at least in part of aluminum, and said structure is composed of a material with a CTE lower than the CTE of aluminum. 
     
     
       33. The filter of  claim 32  wherein the structure is composed at least in part of Invar. 
     
     
       34. The filter of  claim 31  wherein said structure includes a first section composed of material having a CTE lower than the CTE of the cavity and a connected second section composed of a material having a CTE higher than the CTE of the first section of the structure. 
     
     
       35. The filter of  claim 34  wherein said second section is coupled directly to said cavity.