Step switched PWM sine generator

Abstract

Apparatus for generating a high time-varying AC voltage using low voltage power semiconductors arranged in series bridge circuits, each powered by an independent DC source. At least one bipolar output pulse width modulation bridge circuit and at least a pair of bipolar output square wave generator bridge circuits have their outputs added together and passed through a low pass filter to form a time-varying, typically sinusoidal, AC output waveform. A first square wave generator has an output with a relative magnitude of 6, a second square wave generator has an output with a relative magnitude of 2 and the pulse width modulator has an output with a relative magnitude of 1. Additional square wave generators of relative magnitude 6 may be added to increase the output voltage.

1. Apparatus for producing a high voltage waveform corresponding to a target waveform using low voltage components comprising:
 a. a pulse width modulator for providing an output having a relative magnitude of one in the form of a succession of pulse train segments, each having an envelope conforming to successive corresponding segments of the target waveform;  
 b. a first square wave generator connected to the pulse width modulator, and providing a bipolar square wave output having at least three output states;  
 c. a second square wave generator connected to the first square wave generator, and providing a bipolar square wave output having at least three output states, wherein the pulse width modulator and the first and second square wave generators are connected in series relationship, and further wherein the relative magnitude of one of the square wave generator outputs is six and the relative magnitude of the other square wave generator is two; and  
 d. a control means connected to: 
 i. the pulse width modulator for controlling the pulse width modulator to deliver the succession of pulse train segments separated by a plurality of transitions between segments, and  
 ii. the first and second square wave generators for switching the respective bipolar square wave outputs from one state to another of the output states during each transition between successive segments,  
 
 
       such that the output of the pulse width modulator is added to the outputs of the square wave generators to form a high voltage waveform output made up of the square wave outputs of the step  square wave generators and the segmented waveform output of the pulse width modulator. 
     
     
       2. The apparatus of  claim 1  wherein the high voltage waveform are the target waveform are each sinusoidal. 
     
     
       3. The apparatus of  claim 1  further comprising “n” additional square wave generators, where “n” is a positive integer and wherein each additional square wave generator has a relative magnitude of six. 
     
     
       4. The apparatus of  claim 1  wherein the square wave generator having a relative magnitude of two has a relative maximum operating frequency ratio to the other square wave generator of five to one. 
     
     
       5. The apparatus of  claim 1  wherein the pulse width modulator has an operating frequency range substantially greater than either of the square wave generators. 
     
     
       6. The apparatus of  claim 1  wherein the pulse width modulator has an operating frequency of at least thirty times greater than either of the square wave generators. 
     
     
       7. The apparatus of  claim 1  wherein the first square wave generator provides a plurality of isolated bipolar square wave outputs at a pulse repetition rate corresponding to a fundamental frequency of the output waveform. 
     
     
       8. The apparatus of  claim 1  wherein the output states of each square wave generator are +ON, ZERO, and −ON. 
     
     
       9. The apparatus of  claim 1  wherein the control means switches the pulse width modulator output from segment to segment, and simultaneously switches at least one of the square wave generators from one state to another. 
     
     
       10. The apparatus of  claim 1  wherein each of the square wave generators comprises a full wave bridge having active switching elements and a DC power supply feeding the bridge. 
     
     
       11. The apparatus of  claim 1  wherein the output of the pulse width modulator is bipolar. 
     
     
       12. The apparatus of  claim 1  wherein the first square wave generator and the second square wave generator operate at different frequencies from each other. 
     
     
       13. The apparatus of  claim 1  wherein the pulse width modulator operates at a frequency substantially greater than an operating frequency of either square wave generator. 
     
     
       14. The apparatus of  claim 1  wherein the pulse width modulator further comprises a switchable bridge having a pair of input terminals and a pair of output terminals. 
     
     
       15. The apparatus of  claim 1  wherein the output of one of the square wave generators is connected to the pulse width modulator. 
     
     
       16. The apparatus of  claim 1  wherein the output of the pulse width modulator is connected to one of the square wave generators. 
     
     
       17. The apparatus of  claim 1  wherein a source of direct current electrical energy powers the pulse width modulator. 
     
     
       18. The apparatus of  claim 1  wherein each of the square wave generators is connected to a source of direct current electrical energy. 
     
     
       19. The apparatus of  claim 1  further comprising a filter connected between the series connection of the pulse width modulator and the step  square wave generators and an output line for smoothing the combined output of the pulse width modulator and square wave generators. 
     
     
       20. A method of forming a high voltage time-varying waveform comprising the steps of:
 a. connecting a pulse width modulator having a bipolar output with a relative magnitude of ±1 unit in series in series  with a first step wave generator having a bipolar output with a relative magnitude of ±6 units and a second step wave generator having a bipolar output with a relative magnitude of ±2 units;  
 b. controlling each step wave generator to successive +ON, ZERO, and −ON states, while simultaneously controlling the pulse width modulator to provide a pulse train having an envelope corresponding to a plurality of successive segments of a desired time-varying waveform; and  
 c. passing the combined output of the pulse width modulator and step wave generators through a low pass filter; 
 
       such that the resulting output is a time-varying waveform having a peak voltage equal to the sum of the outputs of the pulse width modulator and the step wave generators. 
     
     
       21. The method of  claim 20  wherein the time-varying waveform is a sinusoid. 
     
     
       22. The method of  claim 20  wherein step a further comprises connecting “n” additional square  step wave generators in series with the pulse width modulator and the first and second step wave generators, where “n” is a positive integer, and wherein each additional square  step wave generator has a relative magnitude of ±6 units. 
     
     
       23. The method of  claim 20  wherein each of the pulse width modulator and step wave generators are powered from independent DC sources. 
     
     
       24. The method of  claim 20  wherein the pulse width modulator is switched between successive segments when at least one of the step wave generators is switched between states. 
     
     
       25. The method of  claim 20  wherein step b further comprises determining a target value of a sine wave voltage and controlling the step wave generator and the pulse width modulator to achieve the target value by first determining a difference between an output of the step wave generator and the target value and then controlling the pulse width generator to provide the difference between the target value and the output of the step wave generator. 
     
     
       26. The method of  claim 20  wherein the pulse width modulator has an operating frequency range substantially higher than an operating frequency range of either of the step wave generators. 
     
     
       27. The method of  claim 20  wherein step b further comprises providing successive transitions between states of each of the step wave generators, and controlling the pulse width modulator to provide a segment of a sine wave corresponding to the interval between successive transitions of at least one of the step wave generators. 
     
     
       28. The method of  claim 27  wherein step b further comprises controlling each PWM cycle during the interval using pulse width modulation during the interval to provide an average voltage equal to the target voltage for that interval. 
     
     
       29. A method of forming a time- varying waveform comprising:      providing a pulse width modulator having a bipolar output with a relative magnitude of ±x in series with a first step wave generator having a bipolar output with a relative magnitude of ±y in series with a second step wave generator having a bipolar output with a relative magnitude of ±z;        controlling the step wave generators to successive +ON, ZERO, and −ON states, while simultaneously controlling the pulse width modulator to provide a pulse train having an envelope corresponding to a plurality of successive segments of a desired time - varying waveform; and        combining outputs of the pulse width modulator and the step wave generators to generate a combined output;        wherein the combined output is a time - varying waveform having a peak voltage equal to the sum of the outputs of the pulse width modulator and the step wave generators.     
     
     
       30. The method of  claim 29  further comprising: filtering the combined output. 
     
     
       31. The method of  claim 29 , wherein each of the pulse width modulator and the step wave generators is powered by an independent DC source. 
     
     
       32. The method of  claim 29 , wherein the pulse width modulator is switched between successive segments when at least one of the step wave generators is switched between states. 
     
     
       33. The method of  claim 29 , wherein the controlling comprises providing successive transitions between states of each of the step wave generators, and controlling the pulse width modulator to provide a segment of a sine wave corresponding to the interval between successive transitions of at least one of the step wave generators. 
     
     
       34. A method of forming a time- varying waveform comprising:      providing a first wave generator having a bipolar output with a relative magnitude of ±x in series with a second wave generator having a bipolar output with a relative magnitude of ±y in series with a third wave generator having a bipolar output with a relative magnitude of ±z;        controlling at least one of the wave generators to successive +ON, ZERO, and −ON states, while simultaneously controlling at least another one of the wave generators to provide a pulse train having an envelope corresponding to a plurality of successive segments of a desired time - varying waveform; and        combining outputs of the wave generators to generate a combined output;        wherein the combined output is a time - varying waveform having a peak voltage equal to the sum of the outputs of the wave generators.     
     
     
       35. The method of  claim 34 , wherein the relative magnitude of the first wave generator is ± 1 , the relative magnitude of the second wave generator is ± 3 , and the relative magnitude of the third wave generator is ± 1 . 
     
     
       36. The method of  claim 34  further comprising: filtering the combined output. 
     
     
       37. The method of  claim 34 , wherein each of the pulse width modulator and the step wave generators is powered by an independent DC source. 
     
     
       38. A time- varying waveform generator comprising:      a pulse width modulator having a bipolar output with a relative magnitude of ±x;        a first step wave generator having a bipolar output with a relative magnitude of ±y, wherein the first step generator is connected in series with the pulse width modulator;        a second step wave generator having a bipolar output with a relative magnitude of ±z, wherein the second step wave generator is connected in series with the first step wave generator;        a controller for controlling the step wave generators to successive +ON, ZERO, and −ON states, while simultaneously controlling the pulse width modulator to provide a pulse train having an envelope corresponding to a plurality of successive segments of a desired time - varying waveform; and        wherein outputs of the pulse width modulator and the step wave generators are added to generate a combined output, and wherein the combined output is a time - varying waveform having a peak voltage equal to the sum of the outputs of the pulse width modulator and the step wave generators.     
     
     
       39. The waveform generator of  claim 38  further comprising a filter for filtering the combined output. 
     
     
       40. The waveform generator of  claim 38  further comprising three independent DC sources, wherein each of the pulse width modulator and the step wave generators is powered by one of the three independent DC sources. 
     
     
       41. The waveform generator of  claim 38 , wherein the controller switches the pulse width modulator between successive segments and switches at least one of the step wave generators between states. 
     
     
       42. A time- varying waveform generator comprising:      a first wave generator having a bipolar output with a relative magnitude of ±x;        a second wave generator having a bipolar output with a relative magnitude of ±y, wherein the second wave generator is connected in series with the first wave generator;        a third wave generator having a bipolar output with a relative magnitude of ±z, wherein the third wave generator is connected in series with the second wave generator;        a controller for controlling at least one of the wave generators to successive +ON, ZERO, and −ON states, while simultaneously controlling at least another one of the wave generators to provide a pulse train having an envelope corresponding to a plurality of successive segments of a desired time - varying waveform; and        wherein outputs of the wave generators are added to generate a combined output, and wherein the combined output is a time - varying waveform having a peak voltage equal to the sum of the outputs of the wave generators.     
     
     
       43. The waveform generator of  claim 42 , wherein the relative magnitude of the first wave generator is ± 1 , the relative magnitude of the second wave generator is ± 3 , and the relative magnitude of the third wave generator is ± 1 . 
     
     
       44. The waveform generator of  claim 42  further comprising a filter for filtering the combined output. 
     
     
       45. The waveform generator of  claim 42  further comprising three independent DC sources, wherein each of the pulse width modulator and the step wave generators is powered by one of the three independent DC sources.