High efficiency linear regulator

Abstract

A single chip hybrid regulator is disclosed having a first stage being a switching regulator and a second stage being a linear regulator. The switching regulator uses a filter circuit including an inductor and a capacitor. To make the hybrid regulator very small, the inductor value is selected so that the inductor saturates at a current level well below the maximum load current for the regulator. At low load currents, the small inductor does not saturate, and the regulated voltage applied to the input of the linear regulator presents only a small differential voltage across the series transistor of the linear regulator, resulting in very little power being wasted by the series transistor. At higher currents, the small inductor begins to saturate or fully saturates; however, the increased ripple is smoothed by the linear regulator. For applications, such as cell phones, where the regulator operates at low currents for the vast majority of the time, the overall efficiency of the regulator is extremely high and the regulated voltage is very smooth. As the inductor becomes highly saturated, or if the switching regulator cannot supply sufficient current, the switching regulator may be bypassed by the closing of a switch to continuously couple the power supply input voltage to the input of the linear regulator.

1. A voltage regulator comprising:
 a switching voltage regulator comprising a power switch electrically coupled to a first terminal of an inductor, the switch being controlled to turn on and off based on a feedback signal to the switching voltage regulator; and  
 a linear regulator, having an input electrically coupled to a second terminal of the inductor, for smoothing out ripples in the voltage applied to the input and outputting a regulated voltage,  
 the combined switching regulator and linear regulator for providing a maximum load current, the inductor having an inductance value such that the inductor at least partially saturates at load currents below the maximum load current.  
 
     
     
       2. The regulator of  claim 1  wherein the input of the linear regulator is directly coupled to the second terminal of the inductor. 
     
     
       3. The regulator of  claim 1  wherein the inductor begins to saturate at  prior to 75% of the maximum load current. 
     
     
       4. The regulator of  claim 1  wherein the inductor begins to saturate at  prior to 50% of the maximum load current. 
     
     
       5. The regulator of  claim 1  wherein the inductor begins to saturate at  prior to 40% of the maximum load current. 
     
     
       6. The regulator of  claim 1  wherein the inductor begins to saturate at  prior to 30% of the maximum load current. 
     
     
       7. The regulator of  claim 1  wherein the inductor begins to saturate at  prior to 20% of the maximum load current. 
     
     
       8. The regulator of  claim 1  wherein the inductor begins to saturate at  prior to 10% of the maximum load current. 
     
     
       9. The regulator of  claim 1  wherein the inductor fully saturates at a current below at  75% of the maximum load current. 
     
     
       10. The regulator of  claim 1  wherein the switching regulator is a buck regulator. 
     
     
       11. The regulator of  claim 1  wherein the switching regulator is a pulse width modulation regulator. 
     
     
       12. The regulator of  claim 1  wherein the linear regulator comprises an error amplifier controlling the conductance of a series transistor coupled between the input and output of the linear regulator. 
     
     
       13. The regulator of  claim 1  wherein the combined switching regulator and linear regulator is formed as a single integrated circuit. 
     
     
       14. The regulator of  claim 1  wherein the combined switching regulator, linear regulator, and inductor is formed as a single integrated circuit. 
     
     
       15. The regulator of  claim 1  further comprising a filter capacitor coupled to the second terminal of the inductor. 
     
     
       16. The regulator of  claim 1  further comprising:
 a current sensor for sensing when a current exceeds a threshold and, in response to the sensing, issuing a first signal; and  
 logic circuitry coupled to the power switch for forcing on the power switch in response to the first signal so a power supply input voltage terminal is continuously coupled to the input of the linear regulator.  
 
     
     
       17. The regulator of  claim 16  wherein the first signal is generated at a current level that causes the inductor to be at least partially saturated during a switching cycle. 
     
     
       18. The regulator of  claim 1  further comprising:
 a current sensor for sensing when a current exceeds a threshold and, in response to the sensing, issuing a first signal; and  
 a switch, other than the power switch, for continuously coupling a power supply input voltage terminal to the input of the linear regulator in response to the first signal.  
 
     
     
       19. The regulator of  claim 18  wherein the first signal is generated at a current level that causes the inductor to be at least partially saturated during a switching cycle. 
     
     
       20. The regulator of  claim 1  wherein the regulated voltage output by the linear regulator is coupled to circuitry in an electrical device that operates in a low current mode for a majority of the time, where the inductor does not operate in saturation. 
     
     
       21. The regulator of  claim 20  wherein the electrical device is a cellular telephone. 
     
     
       22. A voltage regulator comprising:
 a switching voltage regulator comprising a power switch electrically coupled to a first terminal of an inductor, the switch being controlled to turn on and off based on a feedback signal to the switching voltage regulator;  
 a linear regulator, having an input electrically coupled to a second terminal of the inductor, for smoothing out ripples in the voltage applied to the input and outputting a regulated voltage;  
 a current sensor for sensing when a current exceeds a threshold and, in response to the sensing, issuing a first signal; and  
 a switch, other than the power switch, for continuously coupling a power supply input voltage terminal to the input of the linear regulator in response to the first signal.  
 
     
     
       23. The regulator of  claim 22  wherein the combined switching regulator and linear regulator is for providing up to a maximum load current, wherein the switching regulator is unable to provide the maximum load current, and wherein the first signal causes the switch to continuously couple the power supply input voltage terminal to the input of the linear regulator during times when the switching regulator is unable to provide sufficient current to power a load. 
     
     
       24. A method performed by a hybrid regulator, the regulator for providing a maximum load current, comprising:
 generating a pulsed signal by a switching regulator turning on and off a power switch, the pulsed signal being applied to an inductor and a capacitor to generate a first regulated voltage at a first terminal;  
 controlling the conductance of a series transistor in a linear regulator, having a second terminal electrically coupled to the first terminal, so that a second regulated voltage is generated at an output terminal of the linear regulator; and  
 at least partially saturating the inductor prior to the hybrid regulator generating the maximum load current.  
 
     
     
       25. The method of  claim 24  wherein the step of at least partially saturating the inductor comprises at least partially saturating the transistor prior to the regulator reaching 50% of the maximum load current. 
     
     
       26. The method of  claim 24  further comprising controlling the power switch to continuously stay on, after a current threshold is detected indicative of the inductor being in at least a partially saturated state, so as to continuously couple a power supply voltage to the input of the linear regulator. 
     
     
       27. The method of  claim 24  further comprising controlling a switch, other than the power switch, to continuously stay on, after a current threshold is detected indicative of the inductor being in at least a partially saturated state, so as to continuously couple a power supply voltage to the input of the linear regulator. 
     
     
       28. A method performed by a hybrid regulator, the regulator for providing a maximum load current, comprising:
 generating a pulsed signal by a switching regulator turning on and off a power switch, the pulsed signal being applied to an inductor and a capacitor to generate a first regulated voltage at a first terminal;  
 controlling the conductance of a series transistor in a linear regulator, having a second terminal electrically coupled to the first terminal, so that a second regulated voltage is generated at an output terminal of the linear regulator;  
 sensing when a current exceeds a threshold and, in response to the sensing, issuing a first signal; and  
 controlling a switch, other than the power switch, for continuously coupling a power supply input voltage terminal to the input of the linear regulator in response to the first signal.  
 
     
     
       29. The method of  claim 28  wherein the switching regulator is unable to provide the maximum load current, and wherein the step of controlling the switch comprises controlling the switch to continuously couple the power supply input voltage terminal to the input of the linear regulator during times when the switching regulator is unable to provide sufficient current to power the load. 
     
     
       30. A hybrid voltage regulator comprising:
 a switching voltage regulator comprising a power switch electrically coupled to a first terminal of an inductor, the switch being controlled to turn on and off based on a feedback signal to the switching voltage regulator;  
 a linear regulator, having an input electrically coupled to a second terminal of the inductor, for smoothing out ripples in the voltage applied to the input and outputting a regulated voltage;  
 a current sense amplifier connected to detect the output current of the linear regulator; and  
 a current limit comparator receiving a signal from the current sense amplifier and generating a current limit signal when the current output by the linear regulator exceeds a threshold,  
 the current limit comparator being connected to suspend operation of the switching voltage regulator when the current limit signal is generated.  
 
     
     
       31. A transformerless DC- DC step down voltage regulator comprising:      a switching voltage regulator comprising a power switch having a first terminal connected to a power supply, the power switch being controlled to turn on and off based on a feedback signal;        a non - transformer inductor, a first terminal of the inductor being coupled to a second terminal of the power switch to receive a pulse of voltage from the power switch when the power switch is turned on and, in response, generate a ramping current through the inductor, the switching voltage regulator for providing a maximum load current at a regulated output voltage, the inductor having an inductance value such that the inductor at least partially saturates at load currents below the maximum load current under normal operating conditions as the inductor conducts the ramping current;        a rectifying device having a first terminal connected to a node between the inductor and the power switch and a second terminal connected to a fixed reference potential, the rectifying device conducting only when a voltage at the first terminal is less than the reference potential; and        a filter capacitor connected to a second terminal of the inductor for filtering the ramping current through the inductor and providing the regulated output voltage.     
     
     
       32. The regulator of  claim 31  wherein the inductor begins to saturate prior to  75 %  of the maximum load current.   
     
     
       33. The regulator of  claim 31  wherein the inductor begins to saturate prior to  50 %  of the maximum load current.   
     
     
       34. The regulator of  claim 31  wherein the inductor begins to saturate prior to  40 %  of the maximum load current.   
     
     
       35. The regulator of  claim 31  wherein the inductor begins to saturate at  30 %  of the maximum load current.   
     
     
       36. The regulator of  claim 31  wherein the inductor begins to saturate prior to  20 %  of the maximum load current.   
     
     
       37. The regulator of  claim 31  wherein the inductor begins to saturate prior to  10 %  of the maximum load current.   
     
     
       38. The regulator of  claim 31  wherein the inductor fully saturates at a current below  75 %  of the maximum load current.   
     
     
       39. The regulator of  claim 31  wherein the switching regulator is a buck regulator. 
     
     
       40. The regulator of  claim 31  wherein the switching regulator is a pulse width modulation regulator. 
     
     
       41. The regulator of  claim 31  wherein the switching regulator and inductor are formed as a single integrated circuit. 
     
     
       42. The regulator of  claim 31  wherein the regulated output voltage is coupled to circuitry in an electrical device that operates in a low current mode for a majority of the time, where the inductor does not operate in saturation during the low current mode. 
     
     
       43. The regulator of  claim 42  wherein the electrical device is a cellular telephone. 
     
     
       44. A method performed by a DC- DC step down transformerless switching voltage regulator, the regulator for providing a maximum load current at a regulated voltage, comprising:      generating a pulsed signal by the switching voltage regulator turning on and off a power switch, a first terminal of the power switch being connected to a power supply;        applying the pulsed signal to a non - transformer inductor, which conducts a ramping current through the inductor, the inductor having an inductance value such that the inductor at least partially saturates at load currents below the maximum load current under normal operating conditions as the inductor conducts the ramping current;        at least partially saturating the inductor prior to the regulator reaching the maximum load current;        rectifying a signal at a node between the inductor and the power switch by a rectifying device having a first terminal connected to the node between the inductor and the power switch and a second terminal connected to a fixed reference potential, the rectifying device conducting only when a voltage at the first terminal is less than the reference potential; and        filtering the ramping current by a filter capacitor to generate the regulated voltage.     
     
     
       45. The method of  claim 44  wherein the step of at least partially saturating the inductor comprises at least partially saturating the inductor prior to the regulator reaching  75 %  of the maximum load current.