Ramp generators for imager analog-to-digital converters

Abstract

An imager with an analog-to-digital converter having at least one ramp generator that precisely and efficiently produces the desired ramp voltages required by the analog-to-digital converter. The analog-to-digital converter can use differential or two ramp generators. The analog-to-digital converter can also use ramp generators operated in linear or compressed ramp modes.

1. An analog-to-digital converter comprising:
 a ramp generator having a differential ramp voltage output;  
 a comparison circuit connected to receive the differential ramp voltage output, said comparison circuit inputting first and second analog signals and generating a comparison signal when the input signals match the differential ramp voltage output; and  
 a latching circuit coupled to the comparison signal, said latching circuit latching a digital code corresponding to a difference between the input first and second analog signals when the comparison signal indicates that the input signals match the differential ramp voltage output.  
 
     
     
       2. The analog-to-digital converter of  claim 1  wherein said ramp generator comprises first and second ramp generator circuits, said first ramp generator circuit having a first ramp output and said second ramp generator having a second ramp output. 
     
     
       3. The analog-to-digital converter of  claim 2 , wherein the first ramp output is a falling ramp voltage and the second ramp output is a rising ramp voltage. 
     
     
       4. The analog-to-digital converter of  claim 2 , wherein the first ramp output is compared to the first analog signal and the second ramp output is compared to the second analog signal. 
     
     
       5. The analog-to-digital converter of  claim 1 , wherein said ramp generator comprises:
 a plurality of ramp unit cells having respective voltage outputs; and  
 a shift register connected to the ramp unit cells, said shift register controlling an operation of the unit cells,  
 wherein a combined voltage output of the ramp unit cells is used as a ramp voltage output for said ramp generator circuit.  
 
     
     
       6. The analog-to-digital converter of  claim 1 , wherein said ramp generator comprises a plurality of ramp unit cells and each ramp unit cell comprises:
 a rising voltage portion having a rising voltage output;  
 a falling voltage portion having a falling voltage output; and  
 a shift register having an output that controls said rising and falling voltage portions,  
 wherein the rising voltages of each ramp unit cell are combined to form a combined rising voltage output and the falling voltages of each ramp unit cell are combined to form a combined falling voltage output, the combined voltage outputs forming the differential ramp voltage output.  
 
     
     
       7. The analog-to-digital converter of  claim 6 , wherein said rising voltage portion comprises:
 an inverter connected to the shift register output;  
 a pair of serially connected transistors connected between a low potential and a reference potential and being controlled by the inverter output;  
 a clamping circuit;  
 a reset circuit connected to the clamping circuit; and  
 a capacitor connected between the serially connected pair and a connection of the clamping and reset circuits, wherein charge stored on the capacitor is used as the rising voltage output.  
 
     
     
       8. The analog-to-digital converter of  claim 7 , wherein the pair of serially connected transistors comprises a p-channel transistor used to pull the rising voltage output to the reference potential at an end of a ramp operation. 
     
     
       9. The analog-to-digital converter of  claim 6 , wherein said falling voltage portion comprises:
 an inverter connected to the shift register output;  
 a pair of serially connected transistors connected between a high potential and a reference potential and being controlled by the inverter output;  
 a clamping circuit;  
 a reset circuit connected to the clamping circuit; and  
 a capacitor connected between the serially connected pair and a connection of the clamping and reset circuits, wherein charge stored on the capacitor is used as the falling voltage output.  
 
     
     
       10. The analog-to-digital converter of  claim 9 , wherein the pair of serially connected transistors comprises an n-channel transistor used to pull the falling voltage output to the reference potential at an end of a ramp operation. 
     
     
       11. The analog-to-digital converter of  claim 1 , wherein the ramp voltage output is linear. 
     
     
       12. The analog-to-digital converter of  claim 1 , wherein the ramp voltage output is non-linear. 
     
     
       13. The analog-to-digital converter of  claim 1 , wherein said ramp generator is a multi-mode ramp generator. 
     
     
       14. The analog-to-digital converter of  claim 13 , wherein said ramp generator comprises a plurality of ramp unit cells, said cells being organized into a plurality of rows, wherein half of said rows are arranged in a first direction and half of said rows are arranged in a second direction. 
     
     
       15. The analog-to-digital converter of  claim 14 , wherein an output of a row arranged in the first direction is used as an input for a row arranged in the second direction. 
     
     
       16. The analog-to-digital converter of  claim 14 , wherein an output of a row arranged in the second direction is used as an input for a row arranged in the first direction. 
     
     
       17. The analog-to-digital converter of  claim 14 , wherein a combined voltage output of the rows is used as the ramp voltage output. 
     
     
       18. The analog-to-digital converter of  claim 17 , wherein the rows are connected such that the ramp voltage output is linear. 
     
     
       19. The analog-to-digital converter of  claim 17 , wherein the rows are connected such that the ramp voltage output is compressed. 
     
     
       20. The analog-to-digital converter of  claim 13 , wherein said ramp generator has multiple compressed operating modes, each compressed operating mode having a programmable break point. 
     
     
       21. The analog-to-digital converter of  claim 20 , wherein said ramp generator comprises a plurality of current sources and said break points are programmed by switching in current sources. 
     
     
       22. An analog-to-digital converter comprising:
 a multimode ramp generator having a multimode ramp voltage output, said multimode ramp generator having at least one linear operating mode and multiple compressed operating modes;  
 a comparison circuit connected to receive the multimode ramp voltage output, said comparison circuit inputting an analog signal and generating a comparison signal when the input signal matches the multimode ramp voltage output; and  
 a latching circuit coupled to the comparison signal, said latching circuit latching a digital code corresponding to the input analog signal.  
 
     
     
       23. The analog-to-digital converter of  claim 22 , wherein the ramp voltage output is linear. 
     
     
       24. The analog-to-digital converter of  claim 22 , wherein the ramp voltage output is non-linear. 
     
     
       25. The analog-to-digital converter of  claim 22 ,  An analog- to - digital converter comprising:  
   a multimode ramp generator having a multimode ramp voltage output;    
   a comparison circuit connected to receive the multimode ramp voltage output, said comparison circuit inputting an analog signal and generating a comparison signal when the input signal matches the multimode ramp voltage output; and    
   a latching circuit coupled to the comparison signal, said latching circuit latching a digital code corresponding to the input analog signal,    
 wherein said ramp generator comprises a plurality of ramp unit cells, said cells being organized into a plurality of rows, wherein half of said rows are arranged in a first direction and half of said rows are arranged in a second direction.  
 
     
     
       26. The analog-to-digital converter of  claim 25 , wherein an output of a row arranged in the first direction is used as an input for a row arranged in the second direction. 
     
     
       27. The analog-to-digital converter of  claim 25 , wherein an output of a row arranged in the second direction is used as an input for a row arranged in the first direction. 
     
     
       28. The analog-to-digital converter of  claim 25 , wherein a combined voltage output of the rows is used as the ramp voltage output. 
     
     
       29. The analog-to-digital converter of  claim 28 , wherein the rows are connected such that the ramp voltage output is linear. 
     
     
       30. The analog-to-digital converter of  claim 28 , wherein the rows are connected such that the ramp voltage output is compressed. 
     
     
       31. The analog-to-digital converter of  claim 22 ,  An analog- to - digital converter comprising:  
   a multimode ramp generator having a multimode ramp voltage output;    
   a comparison circuit connected to receive the multimode ramp voltage output, said comparison circuit inputting an analog signal and generating a comparison signal when the input signal matches the multimode ramp voltage output; and    
   a latching circuit coupled to the comparison signal, said latching circuit latching a digital code corresponding to the input analog signal,    
 wherein said ramp generator has multiple compressed operating modes, each compressed operating mode having a programmable break point.  
 
     
     
       32. The analog-to-digital converter of  claim 31 , wherein said ramp generator comprises a plurality of current sources and said break points are programmed by switching in current sources. 
     
     
       33. An imaging device comprising:
 an array of pixels, said array outputting analog signals; and  
 an analog-to-digital converter coupled to the array, said analog-to-digital converter comprising: 
 a ramp generator having a differential ramp voltage output,  
 a comparison circuit connected to receive the differential ramp voltage output, said comparison circuit inputting first and second analog signals and generating a comparison signal when the input signals match the differential ramp voltage output, and  
 a latching circuit coupled to the comparison signal, said latching circuit latching a digital code corresponding to a difference between the input first and second analog signals when the comparison signal indicates that the input signals match the differential ramp voltage output.  
 
 
     
     
       34. The device of  claim 33 , wherein said ramp generator comprises first and second ramp generator circuits, said first ramp generator circuit having a first ramp output and said second ramp generator having a second ramp output. 
     
     
       35. The device of  claim 34 , wherein the first ramp output is a falling ramp voltage and the second ramp output is a rising ramp voltage. 
     
     
       36. The device of  claim 35 , wherein the first ramp output is compared to the first analog signal and the second ramp output is compared to the second analog signal. 
     
     
       37. The device of  claim 33 , wherein said ramp generator comprises:
 a plurality of ramp unit cells having respective voltage outputs; and  
 a shift register connected to the ramp unit cells, said shift register controlling an operation of the unit cells,  
 wherein a combined voltage output of the ramp unit cells is used as a ramp voltage output for said ramp generator circuit.  
 
     
     
       38. The device of  claim 33 , wherein said ramp generator comprises a plurality of ramp unit cells and each ramp unit cell comprises:
 a rising voltage portion having a rising voltage output;  
 a falling voltage portion having a falling voltage output; and  
 a shift register having an output that controls said rising and falling voltage portions,  
 wherein the rising voltages of each ramp unit cell are combined to form a combined rising voltage output and the falling voltages of each ramp unit cell are combined to form a combined falling voltage output, the combined voltage outputs forming the differential ramp voltage output.  
 
     
     
       39. The device of  claim 38 , wherein said rising voltage portion comprises:
 an inverter connected to the shift register output;  
 a pair of serially connected transistors connected between a low potential and a reference potential and being controlled by the inverter output;  
 a clamping circuit;  
 a reset circuit connected to the clamping circuit; and  
 a capacitor connected between the serially connected pair and a connection of the clamping and reset circuits, wherein charge stored on the capacitor is used as the rising voltage output.  
 
     
     
       40. The device of  claim 39 , wherein the pair of serially connected transistors comprises a p-channel transistor used to pull the rising voltage output to the reference potential at an end of a ramp operation. 
     
     
       41. The device of  claim 39 , wherein said falling voltage portion comprises:
 an inverter connected to the shift register output;  
 a pair of serially connected transistors connected between a high potential and a reference potential and being controlled by the inverter output;  
 a clamping circuit;  
 a reset circuit connected to the clamping circuit; and  
 a capacitor connected between the serially connected pair and a connection of the clamping and reset circuits, wherein charge stored on the capacitor is used as the falling voltage output.  
 
     
     
       42. The device of  claim 41 , wherein the pair of serially connected transistors comprises an n-channel transistor used to pull the falling voltage output to the reference potential at an end of a ramp operation. 
     
     
       43. The device of  claim 33 , wherein the ramp voltage output is linear. 
     
     
       44. The device of  claim 33 , wherein the ramp voltage output is non-linear. 
     
     
       45. The device of  claim 33 , wherein said ramp generator is a multi-mode ramp generator. 
     
     
       46. The device of  claim 45 , wherein said ramp generator comprises a plurality of ramp unit cells, said cells being organized into a plurality of rows, wherein half of said rows are arranged in a first direction and half of said rows are arranged in a second direction. 
     
     
       47. The device of  claim 46 , wherein an output of a row arranged in the first direction is used as an input for a row arranged in the second direction. 
     
     
       48. The device of  claim 46 , wherein an output of a row arranged in the second direction is used as an input for a row arranged in the first direction. 
     
     
       49. The device of  claim 46 , wherein a combined voltage output of the rows is used as the ramp voltage output. 
     
     
       50. The device of  claim 49 , wherein the rows are connected such that the ramp voltage output is linear. 
     
     
       51. The device of  claim 49 , wherein the rows are connected such that the ramp voltage output is compressed. 
     
     
       52. The device of  claim 45 , wherein said ramp generator has multiple compressed operating modes, each compressed operating mode having a programmable break point. 
     
     
       53. The device of  claim 52 , wherein said ramp generator comprises a plurality of current sources and said break points are programmed by switching in current sources. 
     
     
       54. An imaging device comprising:
 an array of pixels, said array outputting analog signals; and  
 an analog-to-digital converter coupled to the array, said analog-to-digital converter comprising: 
 a multimode ramp generator having a multimode ramp voltage output,  
 a comparison circuit connected to receive the multimode ramp voltage output, said comparison circuit inputting an analog signal and generating a comparison signal when the input signal matches the multimode ramp voltage output, and  
 a latching circuit coupled to the comparison signal, said latching circuit latching a digital code corresponding to the input analog signal.  
 
 
     
     
       55. The device of  claim 54 , wherein the ramp voltage output is linear. 
     
     
       56. The device of  claim 54 , wherein the ramp voltage output is non-linear. 
     
     
       57. The device of  claim 54 , wherein said ramp generator comprises a plurality of ramp unit cells, said cells being organized into a plurality of rows, wherein half of said rows are arranged in a first direction and half of said rows are arranged in a second direction. 
     
     
       58. The device of  claim 57 , wherein an output of a row arranged in the first direction is used as an input for a row arranged in the second direction. 
     
     
       59. The device of  claim 57 , wherein an output of a row arranged in the second direction is used as an input for a row arranged in the first direction. 
     
     
       60. The device of  claim 57 , wherein a combined voltage output of the rows is used as the ramp voltage output. 
     
     
       61. The device of  claim 60 , wherein the rows are connected such that the ramp voltage output is linear. 
     
     
       62. The device of  claim 60 , wherein the rows are connected such that the ramp voltage output is compressed. 
     
     
       63. The device of  claim 54 , wherein said ramp generator has multiple compressed operating modes, each compressed operating mode having a programmable break point. 
     
     
       64. The device of  claim 63 , wherein said ramp generator comprises a plurality of current sources and said break points are programmed by switching in current sources. 
     
     
       65. A processor system comprising:
 a processor; and  
 an imaging device coupled to said process and comprising an array of pixels and an analog-to-digital converter coupled to said array, said array outputting analog signals, said analog-to-digital converter comprising: 
 a ramp generator having a differential ramp voltage output,  
 a comparison circuit connected to receive the differential ramp voltage output, said comparison circuit inputting first and second analog signals and generating a comparison signal when the input signals match the differential ramp voltage output, and  
 a latching circuit coupled to the comparison signal, said latching circuit latching a digital code corresponding to a difference between the input first and second analog signals when the comparison signal indicates that the input signals match the differential ramp voltage output.  
 
 
     
     
       66. A processor system comprising:
 a processor; and  
 an imaging device coupled to said processor and comprising an array of pixels and an analog-to-digital converter coupled to said array, said array outputting analog signals, said analog-to-digital converter comprising: 
 a multimode ramp generator having a multimode ramp voltage output,  
 a comparison circuit connected to receive the multimode ramp voltage output, said comparison circuit inputting an analog signal and generating a comparison signal when the input signal matches the multimode ramp voltage output, and  
 a latching circuit coupled to the comparison signal, said latching circuit latching a digital code corresponding to the input analog signal.  
 
 
     
     
       67. A method of operating a ramp generator to be used with an analog-to-digital converter, said method comprising:
 organizing a plurality ramp unit cells into a first configuration based on a first operating mode; and  
 combingcombining the outputs of the ramp unit cells to form a ramp voltage output,  
 wherein the ramp generator has multiple compressed operating modes, each compressed operating mode has a programmable break point.  
 
     
     
       68. The method of  claim 67 , wherein the organizing act comprises switchingly connecting a predetermined number of ramp unit cells based on the first operating mode. 
     
     
       69. The method of  claim 67 , wherein the ramp generator comprises a plurality of current sources and said break points are programmed by switching in current sources. 
     
     
       70. A method of operating a ramp generator to be used with an analog-to-digital converter, said method comprising:
 organizing a plurality of ramp unit cells into a first configuration based on a first operating mode; and  
 combingcombining the outputs of the ramp unit cells to form a ramp voltage output,  
 wherein the cells are organized into a plurality of rows, half of said rows are arranged in a first direction and half of said rows are arranged in a second direction.  
 
     
     
       71. The method of  claim 70 , wherein an output of a row arranged in the first direction is used as an input for a row arranged in the second direction. 
     
     
       72. The method of  claim 70 , wherein an output of a row arranged in the second direction is used as an input for a row arranged in the first direction. 
     
     
       73. The method of  claim 70 , wherein the rows are connected such that the ramp voltage output is linear. 
     
     
       74. The device of  claim 70 , wherein the rows are connected such that the ramp voltage output is compressed.