System and method for tomographic imaging of dynamic properties of a scattering medium

Abstract

A system and method for the detection and three dimensional imaging of absorption and scattering properties of a medium such as human tissue is described. According to one embodiment of the invention, the system directs optical energy toward a turbid medium from at least one source and detects optical energy emerging from the turbid medium at a plurality of locations using at least one detector. The optical energy emerging from the medium and entering the detector originates from the source is scattered by the medium. The system then generates an image representing interior structure of the turbid medium based on the detected optical energy emerging from the medium. Generating the image includes a time-series analysis.

1. A system for use in tomographic imaging of a scattering medium, comprising:  an imaging head including source fiber bundles in a first patterned array and receiver fiber bundles in a second patterned array, each fiber in said receiver fiber bundles not being identical with any of the source fiber bundles, wherein the source fiber bundles function as a plurality of energy sources in an illumination array, each energy source emitting a respective signal for imaging the scattering medium;  onto a different illumination area on a surface of said scattering target medium, wherein more than one of the plurality of energy sources emit  emits their respective signals sequentially  simultaneously and the respective signals are scattered by the scattering medium and emerge from the scattering medium; , and wherein the plurality of receiver fiber bundles function as a plurality of detectors for detecting the respective signals that emerge from the scattering medium for use in measuring dynamic properties of the scattering medium in a time series of images using optical tomography. 
     
     
       2. The system of  claim 1 , further comprising:
 an imaging head on which the energy sources and the detectors are arranged;    wherein the energy sources and the detectors are arranged in a plurality of linear arrays to enable reconstruction of a corresponding plurality of 2-D images of the scattering medium.    
     
     
       3. The system of  claim 1 , further comprising means for adjusting a gain of at least one of the detectors, when the at least one of the detectors detects the respective signal from one of the energy sources, according to a position of the one of the energy sources. 
     
     
       4. The system of  claim 1 , further comprising at least one sample-and-hold circuit for freezing the respective signals detected by the detectors to enable a simultaneous readout of the respective signals detected by the detectors. 
     
     
       5. The system of clam  1 , wherein the energy sources include at least one of a non-laser optical source LED, high-pressure incandescent lamp, laser diode, solid state laser, titanium-sapphire laser, ruby laser, dye laser, electro-magnetic source acoustic energy source, acoustic energy produced by optical energy, optical energy, and combinations thereof. 
     
     
       6. The system of  claim 1 , wherein data acquisition from the detectors is at a rate of about 100 Hz. 
     
     
       7. The system of  claim 1 , wherein the energy sources include near infra red laser diodes that transmit multiple wavelengths. 
     
     
       8. The system of  claim 1 , wherein the detectors include at least one of a photo-diode, PIN diode, Avalanche photodiode, charge coupled device, charge inductive device, photo-multiplier tube, multi-channel plate, acoustic transducer, and any combinations thereof. 
     
     
       9. The system of  claim 3 , further including a sample-and-hold circuit coupled to the means for adjusting that allows simultaneous readout of the respective signals detected by the detectors. 
     
     
       10. A system for use in optical tomographic imaging of a scattering medium comprising:
 at least one energy transmissive fiber bundle coupled to at least one energy source;  
 the at least one energy transmissive fiber bundle emitting energy from the at least one energy source, and detecting the energy after it is scattered by the scattering medium;  
 an imaging head for holding the at least one energy transmissive fiber bundle; and  
 a detection system for collecting data regarding the optical dynamic properties of the scattering medium from the detected energy;  
 wherein the imaging head undergoes uniform expansion and contraction to accommodate different size scattering mediums.  
 
     
     
       11. The system of  claim 10 , wherein the at least one energy transmissive fiber bundle is bifurcated to both emit and detect energy. 
     
     
       12. The system of  claim 10 , wherein the imaging head comprises a folding sphere or polygon. 
     
     
       13. The system of  claim 10 , wherein the at least one energy transmissive fiber bundle comprises a plurality of energy transmissive fiber bundles disposed about the imaging head. 
     
     
       14. A method of imaging a scattering medium using optical tomographic imaging, comprising:
 (a) placing on the scattering medium an imaging head including source fiber bundles in a first patterned array and receiver fiber bundles in a second patterned array, each fiber in said receiver fiber bundles being different from any of the source fiber bundles;  
   (b)  exposing the scattering medium to energy from a plurality of energy sources that sequentially emitthe source fiber bundles, wherein more than one of the source fiber bundles simultaneously emits the energy onto a different illumination area on a surface of said scattering target medium; and  
 (b)(c) detecting the energy, via a plurality of detectors,transmitted through the receiver fiber bundles after the energy has been scattered by the scattering medium for use in measuring dynamic properties of the scattering medium in a time series of images using optical tomography.  
 
     
     
       15. The method of  claim 14 , wherein the scattering medium comprises vascular tissue. 
     
     
       16. The system of  claim 1 , wherein the respective signals emitted by the energy sources comprise optical energy of at least two different intensity modulated wavelengths of energy. 
     
     
       17. The system of  claim 16 , further comprising a filter for separating signals corresponding to a wavelength of the intensity modulated energy. 
     
     
       18. The system of  claim 1 , wherein the respective detectors comprise respective fibers coupled to respective optical energy detectors. 
     
     
       19. An imaging head, comprising:
 a pad;  
 a plurality of source means for delivering optical energy to a medium; and  
 a plurality of detector means for detecting optical energy emerging from the medium; wherein:  
 the source means and detector means are attached to the pad in a plurality of rows and columns wherein the plurality of source means are arranged to form at least two unique imaging planes, an imaging plane being between defined by a plane substantially perpendicular to the pad and passing through at least two source means and one detector means; and  
 the source means and detector means are arranged in first and second patterns in alternating rows, the first pattern comprising one source means followed by three detector means followed by one source means followed by three detector means, and the second pattern comprising a shifted version of the first pattern.  
 
     
     
       20. The imaging head of  claim 19 , wherein the source means comprise fibers coupled to an optical energy source. 
     
     
       21. The imaging head of  claim 19 , wherein the source means comprise optical energy sources. 
     
     
       22. The imaging head of  claim 19 , wherein the source means comprise laser diodes. 
     
     
       23. The imaging head of  claim 19 , wherein the detector means comprise fibers coupled to optical energy detectors. 
     
     
       24. The imaging head of  claim 19  wherein the detector means comprise optical energy detectors. 
     
     
       25. The imaging head of  claim 19  wherein the detector means comprise photodiodes. 
     
     
       26. The system of  claim 1 , wherein the energy sources and the detectors are arranged in an illumination array that is configured to minimize subsequent numerical effort required for data analysis and maximizing source density covered by the illumination array. 
     
     
       27. The system of  claim 26 , wherein the energy sources and the detectors are arranged in the illumination array to enable three dimensional images to be computed from super positioning of two dimensional images. 
     
     
       28. The detection system of  claim 1 , wherein the detectors further detect fluorescence radiation excited by the energy sources. 
     
     
       29. The detection system of  claim 1 , wherein the detectors further detect acoustic energy produced in the scattering medium by the energy sources. 
     
     
       30. The system of  claim 10 , wherein the at least one energy transmissive fiber bundle terminates inside the scattering medium. 
     
     
       31. The method of  claim 14 , further including the step of evaluating the dynamics in an industrial mixing process for at least one of a gas and a liquid according to the detected energy. 
     
     
       32. The method of  claim 14 , further including evaluating dynamics in a foggy atmosphere according to the detected energy. 
     
     
       33. The method of  claim 14 , further including evaluating dynamics in oceans or water masses according to the detected energy. 
     
     
       34. The system of  claim 1 , further comprising means for adjusting a gain of at least one of the detectors according to respective positions of the energy sources. 
     
     
       35. The system of  claim 1 , further comprising means for adjusting respective gains of the detectors according to respective positions of the energy sources. 
     
     
       36. The system of  claim 1 , wherein distances between source-detector pairs of the energy sources and the detectors vary over a distance of at least about 5 cm. 
     
     
       37. The system of  claim 1 , wherein the scattering medium comprises a large tissue structure. 
     
     
       38. The system of  claim 1 , further comprising a data acquisition unit for reconstructing the time series of images of the scattering medium based on the respective signals detected by the detectors. 
     
     
       39. The system of  claim 2 , wherein there are varying numbers of pairs of the energy sources and the detectors in the linear arrays. 
     
     
       40. The system of  claim 3 , wherein the means for adjusting comprises a programmable gain amplifier. 
     
     
       41. The system of  claim 10 , wherein the imaging head undergoes uniform expansion and contraction while preserving a hemispherical geometry to accommodate different size scattering mediums. 
     
     
       42. The system of  claim 10 , wherein the imaging head includes a target volume through which the scattering medium enters the imaging head. 
     
     
       43. The system of  claim 10 , wherein detector fibers of the at least one energy transmissive fiber bundle are located on an inner aspect of the imaging head. 
     
     
       44. The system of  claim 13 , wherein the imaging head comprises a Hoberman sphere, about which the plurality of energy transmissive fiber bundles are disposed. 
     
     
       45. The system of  claim 13 , wherein the plurality of energy transmissive fiber bundles are attached to vertices of a hemisphere of the imaging head. 
     
     
       46. The system of  claim 13 , wherein the plurality of energy transmissive fiber bundles are attached to interlocking joints of the imaging head. 
     
     
       47. The method of  claim 14 , further comprising adjusting respective gains by which the energy is detected by the detectors according to respective positions of the energy sources. 
     
     
       48. The method of  claim 14 , wherein the energy comprises near infra-red light. 
     
     
       49. The method of  claim 14 , wherein distances between source-detector pairs of the sources and the detectors vary over a distance of at least about 5 cm. 
     
     
       50. The method of  claim 14 , wherein the scattering medium comprises a large tissue structure. 
     
     
       51. The system of  claim 1 , further comprising:
 an imaging head, on which the energy sources and the detectors are arranged;    wherein the energy sources and the detectors are arranged in a plurality of linear arrays to enable reconstruction of a 3-D image of the scattering medium.    
     
     
       52. The system of  claim 26 , wherein the source fiber bundles and the receiver fiber bundles are arranged to enable three dimensional images to be computed from super positioning of two dimensional images. 
     
     
       53. The system of  claim 26 , wherein the source fiber bundles and the receiver fiber bundles detect fluorescence radiation excited by the energy sources. 
     
     
       54. The system of  claim 26 , wherein the source fiber bundles and the receiver fiber bundles detectors detect acoustic energy produced in the scattering medium by the energy sources. 
     
     
       55. The system of  claim 1 , wherein the imaging head includes a deformable array of the source fiber bundles and the receiver fiber bundles, wherein the deformable array conforms to a surface of a curved medium. 
     
     
       56. The system of  claim 1 , wherein the imaging head is a folding structure in a hemispherical geometry. 
     
     
       57. The system of  claim 1 , wherein the source fiber bundles and the receiver fiber bundles are arranged in a geometry of a plurality of linear arrays to enable reconstruction of a corresponding plurality of  2 - D images of the scattering medium.   
     
     
       58. The system of  claim 57 , wherein linear arrays are configured to have a varying number of source- detector fiber bundles.   
     
     
       59. A system for use in tomographic imaging of a scattering medium, comprising an imaging head including source fiber bundles in a first patterned array and receiver fiber bundles in a second, patterned array, wherein the imaging head undergoes uniform expansion and contraction to accommodate different size scattering mediums, wherein the source fiber bundles function as a plurality of energy sources in an illumination array, each energy source emitting a respective signal for imaging the scattering medium onto a different illumination area on a surface of said scattering target medium, wherein more than one of the plurality of energy sources emit their respective signals and the respective signals are scattered by the scattering medium and emerge from the scattering medium, and wherein the receiver fiber bundles function as a plurality of detectors for detecting the respective signals that emerge from the scattering medium for use in measuring dynamic properties of the scattering medium in a time series of images using optical tomography. 
     
     
       60. The system of  claim 59 , wherein the source fiber bundles and the receiver fiber bundles are arranged in a geometry of a plurality of linear arrays to enable reconstruction of a corresponding plurality of  2 - D images of the scattering medium.   
     
     
       61. A method of imaging a scattering medium using optical tomographic imaging, comprising:
   (a) placing on the scattering medium an imaging head including fiber bundles in a patterned array, wherein the fiber bundles includes source fiber bundles in an illumination array and receiver fiber bundles in another array, wherein the imaging head undergoes uniform expansion and contraction to accommodate different size scattering mediums;        (b) exposing the scattering medium to energy from the source fiber bundles, each energy source emitting a respective signal for imaging the scattering target medium onto a different illumination area on a surface of said scattering target medium; and        (c) detecting the energy, via the receiver fiber bundles, after the energy has been scattered by the scattering medium for use in measuring dynamic properties of the scattering medium in a time series of images using optical tomography.     
     
     
       62. A system for use in tomographic imaging of a scattering medium, comprising an imaging head including fiber bundles in a patterned array, wherein the fiber bundles includes a plurality of energy sources and a plurality of detectors, wherein the imaging head undergoes uniform expansion and contraction to accommodate different size scattering mediums, each energy source emitting a respective signal for imaging the scattering target medium onto a different illumination area on a surface of said scattering target medium, wherein more than one of the plurality of energy sources emit their respective signals and the respective signals are scattered by the scattering medium and emerge from the scattering medium, and wherein the plurality of detectors detect the respective signals that emerge from the scattering medium for use in measuring dynamic properties of the scattering medium in a time series of images using optical tomography. 
     
     
       63. A method of imaging a scattering medium using optical tomographic imaging, comprising:
   (a) placing on the scattering medium an imaging head including fiber bundles in a patterned array, wherein the fiber bundles includes a plurality of energy sources in an illumination array and a plurality of detectors, wherein the imaging head undergoes uniform expansion and contraction to accommodate different size scattering mediums;        (b) exposing the scattering medium to energy from the plurality of energy sources, each energy source emits a respective signal for imaging the scattering target medium onto a different illumination area on a surface of said scattering target medium; and        (c) detecting the energy, via the plurality of detectors, after the energy has been scattered by the scattering medium for use in measuring dynamic properties of the scattering medium in a time series of images using optical tomography.     
     
     
       64. The system of  claim 59 , wherein each fiber in said receiver fiber bundles is not identical with any of the source fiber bundles. 
     
     
       65. The method of  claim 61 , wherein each fiber in said receiver fiber bundles is not identical with any of the source fiber bundles. 
     
     
       66. The system of  claim 62 , wherein each detector in said fiber bundles is not identical with any of the plurality of energy sources in said fiber bundles. 
     
     
       67. The method of  claim 63 , wherein each detector in said fiber bundles is not identical with any of the plurality of energy sources in said fiber bundles.