Fault-tolerant fiber-optical beam control modules

Abstract

Fiber-optic beam routing and amplitude control modules based on a unique fault-tolerant scheme using a macro-pixel to control an optical beam are proposed. The unique macro-pixel method involving multiple device pixels per beam inherently provides a robust digital technique for module control while adding to the optical beam alignment tolerance and resistance to catastropic failure for the overall module. The macropixel approach solves the speed versus alignment and failure sensitivity dilemma present in single pixel element based optical micromechanical systems (MEMS). Specifically proposed are fault tolerant fiber-optic attenuators and switches using several microactuated micromirrors per optical beam. Transmissive and reflective module geometries are proposed using small tilt and small distance piston-action micromirrors, leading to fast module reconfiguration speed fiber optic signal controls. The macro-pixel design approach is extended to other pixel technologies such as polarization rotating pixels. The proposed fiber-optic attenuator and switch designs can be extended to realize a complex network of multiple attenuators and switches that can be applied to N-wavelength multiplexed fiber-optic networks.

1. An optical micromechanical system for controlling reflectivity of a single light beam from an optical source, the optical micromechanical system including
 a macropixel comprising a plurality of individual micromirrors which are closely spaced with respect to the wavelength of the light beam and arranged such that the light beam impinges substantially concurrently on the plurality of micromirrors, each of the micromirrors being electronically controllable to effect a mechanical movement,  
 the macropixel being operable in a first mode for concurrently maintaining an alignment of the micromirrors at a common displacement for maximizing reflection of the single light beam in a selected path, and  
 the macropixel being operable in a second mode for aligning some of the micromirrors in  into a different displacement for deflecting portions of the light beam impinging on the aligned micromirrors out of the selected path so as to effectively attenuate the reflected light beam.  
 
     
     
       2. The optical mechanical  micromechanical system of  claim 1 , wherein the displacement of the micromirrors comprises an angular tilt of each micromirror. 
     
     
       3. The optical mechanical  micromechanical system of  claim 1 , wherein the displacement of the micromirrors comprises a displacement in the direction of the light beam. 
     
     
       4. The  An optical mechanical system of  claim 3   for controlling reflectivity of a light beam from an optical source, the optical mechanical system including
   a macropixel comprising      a plurality of individual micromirrors which are closely spaced with respect to the wavelength of the light beam, each of the micromirrors being electrically controllable to effect a mechanical movement,        the macropixel being operable in a first mode for concurrently maintaining an alignment of the micromirrors at a common displacement for maximizing reflection of the light beam in a selected path,        the macropixel being operable in a second mode for aligning some of the micromirrors in a different displacement so as to effectively attenuate the reflected light beam, the displacement of the micromirrors comprising a displacement in the direction of the light beam,      
 wherein the system includes  a plurality of macropixels aligned in a 2-dimensional array, a cube beam splitter positioned in a light beam path with one face thereof adjacent said array,  
 a fixed mirror positioned adjacent a second face of said beam splitter,  
 a first plurality of input light lenses positioned for bi-direction transfer of light beams to said beam splitter at a third face of said beam splitter and a second plurality of output light lenses positioned for bi-directional transfer of light to said beam splitter at a fourth face thereof,  
 the beam splitter being effective to split a light beam impinging thereon into two equal beam components, one of said beam components traveling through said beam splitter to said macropixel array and the other of said beam components being directed onto said fixed mirror, each of said beam components being reflected back into said beam splitter to create an interference along a diagonal of said beam splitter such that when an optical path difference between the two beam components is equal to a multiple of the optical beam wavelength, the beam from one of the input and output lenses is transferred to the other of the input and output buses, and,  
 when the optical path difference is equal to one-half of an optical beam wavelength, the beam is directed back to its source lens, the optical beam path length through the beam splitter being adjustable by linear movement of each macropixel.  
 
     
     
       5. The optical mechanical system of  claim 4  and includes  including an optical circulator in an optical path with each of said input and output lenses for directing light beams directed from said beam splitter to respect  respective ones of said lenses to a selected output port. 
     
     
       6. The optical mechanical system of  claim 2  and including a light beam source aligned for directing a beam of light onto said macropixel and a light beam receiver aligned for receiving light reflected from said macropixel, said micromirrors being angularly adjustable for instantaneously controlling the intensity of light reflected onto said receiver. 
     
     
       7. The optical mechanical  micromechanical system of claim  6    1  wherein said light beam source includes the serial combination of a fiber optical cable and a GRIN  fiber coupling lens. 
     
     
       8. The optical mechanical  micromechanical system of  claim 7  wherein said light beam receiver includes a GRIN  fiber coupling lens on which said light beam is reflected. 
     
     
       9. The optical mechanical system of  claim 2   An optical micromechanical system for controlling reflectivity of a light beam from an optical source, the system including
   a macropixel comprising      a plurality of individual micromirrors which are closely spaced with respect to the wavelength of the light beam, each of the micromirrors being electrically controllable to effect a mechanical movement,        the macropixel being operable in a first mode for concurrently maintaining an alignment of the micromirrors at a common displacement for maximizing reflection of the light beam in a selected path,        the macropixel being operable in a second mode for aligning some of the micromirrors in a different displacement so as to effectively attenuate the reflected light beam, the displacement of the micromirrors comprising an angular tilt of each micromirror, and      
 including  a bi-directional light transfer device positioned for transmitting a light beam onto said macropixel and for receiving a light beam reflected from said macropixel, said micromirrors being individually angularly controllable to adjust the intensity of light reflected back to said transfer device.  
 
     
     
       10. The optical mechanical  micromechanical system of  claim 9  and including , further comprising a multiplexor/demultiplexor for providing a plurality of light beams and a corresponding plurality of macropixels, each of said beams being directed onto a respective one of said macropixels, each of said macropixels being controllable to attenuate reflected light intensity. 
     
     
       11. A 2×2 optical switch incorporating the optical mechanical system of  claim 2  , including
   a plurality of macropixels, each macropixel comprising      a plurality of individual micromirrors which are closely spaced with respect to the wavelength of the light beam, each of the micromirrors being electronically controllable to effect a mechanical movement,        each macropixel being operable in a first mode for concurrently maintaining an alignment of the micromirrors at a common displacement for maximizing reflection of the light beam in a selected path,        each macropixel being operable in a second mode for aligning some of the micromirrors in a different displacement so as to effectively attenuate the reflected light beam, wherein the displacement of the micromirrors comprises an angular tilt of each micromirror;     
 the switch including  first and second input ports,  
 and  first and second output ports,  
 a first macropixel having a first orientation for reflecting light from said first input port to said first output port,  
 a second macropixel having a first orientation for reflecting light from said second input port to said second output port, and 
 first and second fixed mirrors positioned adjacent and facing toward a respective one of said macropixels,  
 each of said macropixels being contorllable  controllable by angularly tilting the micromirrors thereof for reflecting light onto respective ones of said fixed mirrors, said fixed mirrors reflecting light from each macropixel to the other of the macropixels whereby light from the first and second input ports is reflected to the second and first output ports, respectively.  
 
     
     
       12. A multi-wavelength 2×2 optical switch incorporating the optical mechanical system of  claim 2  , including
   a plurality of macropixels comprising a plurality of individual micromirrors which are closely spaced with respect to the wavelength of the light beam, each of the micromirrors being electronically controllable to effect a mechanical movement,      each macropixel being operable in a first mode for concurrently maintaining an alignment of the micromirrors at a common displacement for maximizing reflection of the light beam in a selected path,        each macropixel being operable in a second mode for aligning some of the micromirrors in a different displacement so as to effectively attenuate the reflected light beam, wherein the displacement of the micromirrors comprises an angular tilt of each micromirror;     the switch having a  plurality of macropixels arranged in a linear array,    
 a first optical multiplexor/demultiplexor device for directing respective light beam wavelengths onto corresponding ones of the macropixels and for receiving reflected light therefrom,  
 a second optical multiplexor/demultiplexor device for directing respective light beam wavelengths onto corresponding ones of the macropixels and for receiving reflected light therefrom, and 
 a fixed mirror, said macropixels being separately controllable so as to be aligned in a first orientation for reflecting light from said first optical multiplexor/demultiplexor device back to said first optical multiplexor/demultiplexor device and for reflecting light from said second multiplexor/demultiplexor optical device onto said fixed mirror, back to said macropixels and to said second multiplexor/demultiplexor optical device, said macropixels being alignable in another orientation for reflecting light from one of said first and second optical multiplexor/demultiplexor devices to the other of said first and second optical multiplexor/demultiplexor devices.  
 
     
     
       13. An optical mechanical system for controlling reflectivity of a light beam from an optical source, the system including
   a plurality of macropixels, each macropixel comprising      a plurality of individual micromirrors which are closely spaced with respect to the wavelength of the light beam, each of the micromirrors being electronically controllable to effect a mechanical movement,        the macropixel being operable in a first mode for concurrently maintaining an alignment of the micromirrors at a common displacement for maximizing reflection of the light beam in a selected path,        the macropixel being operable in a second mode for aligning some of the micromirrors in a different displacement so as to effectively attenuate the reflected light beam; wherein the displacement of the micromirrors comprises an angular tilt of each micromirror;        wherein the plurality of macropixels are aligned in a  2   - dimensional array,          a cube beam splitter positioned in a light beam path with one face thereof adjacent said array,        a fixed mirror positioned adjacent a second face of said beam splitter,        a first plurality of input light lenses positioned for bi - directional transfer of light beams to said beam splitter at a third face of said beam splitter and        a second plurality of output light lenses positioned for bi - directional transfer of light to said beam splitter at a fourth face thereof,        the beam splitter being effective to split a light beam impinging thereon into two equal beam components, one of said beam components traveling through said beam splitter to said macropixel array and the other of said beam components being directed onto said fixed mirror, each of said beam components being reflected back into said beam splitter to create an interference along a diagonal of said beam splitter such that when an optical path difference between the two beam components is equal to a multiple of the optical beam wavelength, the beam from one of the input and output lenses is transferred to the other of the input and output buses, and, when the optical path difference is equal to one - half of an optical beam wavelength, the beam is directed back to its source lens, the optical beam path length through the beam splitter being adjustable by linear movement of each macropixel.     
     
     
       14. The optical mechanical system of  claim 13  and including an optical circulator in an optical path with each of said input and output lenses for directing light beams directed from said beam splitter to respective ones of said lenses to a selected output port. 
     
     
       15. An optical micromechanical system for controlling reflectivity of a light beam from an optical source, the system including
   a plurality of macropixels, each macropixel comprising      a plurality of individual micromirrors which are closely spaced with respect to the wavelength of the light beam, each of the micromirrors being electronically controllable to effect a mechanical movement,        the macropixel being operable in a first mode for concurrently maintaining an alignment of the micromirrors at a common displacement for maximizing reflection of the light beam in a selected path,        the macropixel being operable in a second mode for aligning some of the micromirrors in a different displacement so as to effectively attenuate the reflected light beam; and          a multiplexor/demultiplexor for providing a plurality of light beams, each of the plurality of beams being directed onto a respective one of the plurality of macropixels, and each of the plurality of macropixels being controllable to attenuate reflected light intensity.     
     
     
       16. A  2 × 2  optical switch, the switch including
   a first macropixel and a second macropixel, each macropixel comprising a plurality of individual micromirrors which are closely spaced with respect to the wavelength of the light beam,      each of the micromirrors being electronically controllable to effect a mechanical movement,        the macropixel being operable in a first mode for concurrently maintaining an alignment of the micromirrors at a common displacement for maximizing reflection of the light beam in a selected path,        the macropixel being operable in a second mode for aligning some of the micromirrors in a different displacement so as to effectively attenuate the reflected light beam;      
   first and second input ports,    
   first and second output ports, wherein the first macropixel has a first orientation for reflecting light from said first input port to said first output port, and wherein the second macropixel has a first orientation for reflecting light from said second input port to said second output port, and    
   first and second fixed mirrors positioned adjacent and facing toward a respective one of said macropixels, each of said macropixels being controllable by angularly tilting the micromirrors thereof for reflecting light onto respective ones of said fixed mirrors, said fixed mirrors reflecting light from each macropixel to the other of the macropixels whereby light from the first and second input ports is reflected to the second and first output ports, respectively.   
 
     
     
       17. A multi- wavelength  2 × 2  optical switch, the switch including      a plurality of macropixels comprising a plurality of individual micromirrors which are closely spaced with respect to the wavelength of the light beam,      each of the micromirrors being electronically controllable to effect a mechanical movement,        each macropixel being operable in a first mode for concurrently maintaining an alignment of the micromirrors at a common displacement for maximizing reflection of the light beam in a selected path,        each macropixel being operable in a second mode for aligning some of the micromirrors in a different displacement so as to effectively attenuate the reflected light beam;        wherein the plurality of macropixels are arranged in a linear array,          a first optical multiplexor/demultiplexer device for directing respective light beam wavelengths onto corresponding ones of the macropixels and for receiving reflected light therefrom, and        a second optical multiplexor/demultiplexor device for directing respective light beam wavelengths onto corresponding ones of the macropixels and for receiving reflected light therefrom, a fixed mirror,        said plurality of macropixels being separately controllable so as to be aligned in a first orientation for reflecting light from said first optical device back to said first optical device and for reflecting light from said second optical device onto said fixed mirror, back to said plurality of macropixels and to said second optical device, said plurality of macropixels being alignable in another orientation for reflecting light from one of said first and second optical devices to the other of said first and second optical devices .   
     
     
       18. The optical micromechanical system of  claim 2 , further comprising a multiplexor/demultiplexor for providing a plurality of light beams and a corresponding plurality of macropixels, each of said beams being directed onto a respective one of said macropixels, each of said macropixels being controllable to attenuate reflected light intensity. 
     
     
       19. The optical micromechanical system of  claim 18 , further comprising an optical circulator in an optical path between the optical source and said wavelength multiplexor/demultiplexor for directing a light beam directed from said wavelength multiplexor/demultiplexor to a selected output port. 
     
     
       20. The optical micromechanical system of  claim 3 , further comprising a multiplexor/demultiplexor for providing a plurality of light beams and a corresponding plurality of macropixels, each of said beams being directed onto a respective one of said macropixels, each of said macropixels being controllable to attenuate reflected light intensity. 
     
     
       21. The optical micromechanical system of  claim 20 , further comprising an optical circulator in an optical path between the optical source and said wavelength multiplexor/demultiplexor for directing a light beam directed from said wavelength multiplexor/demultiplexor to a selected output port.