Distributed optical structures with improved diffraction efficiency and/or improved optical coupling

Abstract

An optical apparatus comprises a planar optical waveguide having at least one set of diffractive elements and confining in at least one transverse spatial dimension optical signals propagating therein. Each diffractive element set routes, between corresponding input and output optical ports, a corresponding diffracted portion of an input optical signal propagating in the waveguide that is successively incident on the diffractive elements and is diffracted by the diffractive element set. The optical signals propagate in the waveguide in corresponding diffractive-region optical transverse modes in regions where the diffractive elements are present, and in corresponding non-diffractive-region optical transverse modes in regions where the diffractive elements are absent. The diffractive element set is adapted so as to yield an operationally acceptable level of either or both of i) optical coupling between corresponding diffractive-region and non-diffractive-region optical transverse modes, and ii) diffraction efficiency of the diffractive element set.

1. An optical apparatus, comprising a planar optical waveguide having at least one set of diffractive elements, the planar optical waveguide substantially confining in at least one transverse spatial dimension optical signals propagating therein,
 wherein: 
 each diffractive element set routes, between corresponding input and output optical ports, a corresponding diffracted portion of an input optical signal propagating in the planar waveguide that is diffracted by the diffractive element set; 
 the input optical signal is successively incident on the diffractive elements; 
 the optical signals propagate in the planar waveguide in corresponding diffractive-region optical transverse modes in regions of the planar waveguide where the diffractive elements are present; 
 the optical signals propagate in the planar waveguide in corresponding non-diffractive-region optical transverse modes in regions of the planar waveguide where the diffractive elements are absent; and 
 the diffractive element set or the planar optical waveguide is adapted so as to yield an operationally acceptable level of (i) optical coupling between corresponding diffractive-region and non-diffractive-region optical transverse modes, or (ii) diffraction efficiency of the diffractive element set, 
 and wherein the adaptation of the diffractive element set or the planar optical waveguide comprises: 
 diffractive elements having sufficiently large transverse extent in the confined dimension so as to substantially suppress optical coupling between diffractive-region optical modes and non-confined optical modes; 
 diffractive elements positioned in the confined dimension so as to spatially overlap the diffracting-region optical mode at or near a spatial maximum of the amplitude thereof; 
 diffractive elements having sufficiently large refractive index and sufficiently large transverse extent in the confined dimension so as to yield diffractive-region optical modes that substantially spatially overlap the diffractive elements; 
 a planar waveguide core in a non-diffracting region of the planar waveguide that is offset in the confined dimension relative to a planar waveguide core in a diffracting region of the planar waveguide; 
 a planar waveguide core in a non-diffracting region of the planar waveguide that differs in transverse extent, in the confined dimension, from a planar waveguide core in a diffracting region of the planar waveguide; 
 a planar waveguide core in the non-diffracting region with a refractive index higher than a refractive index of a planar waveguide core in the diffracting region and lower than a refractive index of the diffractive elements; 
 a transition region of the planar waveguide between the diffracting region and the non-diffracting region wherein a less-than-unity fill factor for the diffractive elements increases from the non-diffracting region toward the diffracting region; 
 a transition region of the planar waveguide between the diffracting region and the non-diffracting region wherein number density of the diffractive elements increases from the non-diffracting region toward the diffracting region; 
 a transition region of the planar waveguide between the diffracting region and the non-diffracting region wherein longitudinal extent of the diffractive elements increases from the non-diffracting region toward the diffracting region; 
 a transition region of the planar waveguide between the diffracting region and the non-diffracting region wherein transverse extent in the confined dimension of the diffractive elements increases from the non-diffracting region toward the diffracting region; or 
 a transition region of the planar waveguide between the diffracting region and the non-diffracting region wherein refractive index of the diffractive elements increases from the non-diffracting region to the diffracting region. 
 
     
     
       2. The apparatus of  claim 1 , wherein the adaptation comprises diffractive elements having sufficiently large transverse extent in the confined dimension so as to substantially suppress optical coupling between diffractive-region optical modes and non-confined optical modes. 
     
     
       3. The apparatus of  claim 2 , wherein a range of diffraction angles from a diffractive element, determined in part by the transverse extent of the diffractive element, are smaller than a diffraction angle for optical coupling between a diffractive-region optical mode and the non-confined optical modes. 
     
     
       4. The apparatus of  claim 2 , wherein the transverse extent of the diffractive elements is greater than or about equal to an in-waveguide wavelength of the optical signals. 
     
     
       5. The apparatus of  claim 2 , wherein the transverse extent of the diffractive elements results in a minimum diffracted amplitude at a diffracted angle substantially coinciding with a diffraction angle for optical coupling between a diffractive-region optical mode and a non-confined optical mode. 
     
     
       6. The apparatus of  claim 2 , wherein the diffractive elements each comprise multiple segments positioned along the confined dimension and sized so as to result in a minimum diffracted amplitude at a diffracted angle substantially coinciding with a diffraction angle for optical coupling between a diffractive-region optical mode and a non-confined optical mode. 
     
     
       7. The apparatus of  claim 1 , wherein the adaptation comprises diffractive elements positioned in the confined dimension so as to spatially overlap the diffracting-region optical mode at or near a spatial maximum of the amplitude thereof. 
     
     
       8. The apparatus of  claim 7 , wherein the diffractive elements are positioned substantially symmetrically along the confined dimension, so as to substantially overlap spatially the amplitude maximum of a lowest-order diffracting-region optical mode. 
     
     
       9. The apparatus of  claim 1 , wherein the adaptation comprises diffractive elements having sufficiently large refractive index and sufficiently large transverse extent in the confined dimension so as to yield diffractive-region optical modes that substantially spatially overlap the diffractive elements. 
     
     
       10. The apparatus of  claim 9 , wherein:
 the planar waveguide comprises silica cladding and a silica core doped to have a larger refractive index than the cladding; and 
 the diffractive elements comprise silica doped to have a larger refractive index than the core. 
 
     
     
       11. The apparatus of  claim 9 , wherein:
 the planar waveguide comprises silica cladding and a silica core doped to have a larger refractive index than the cladding; and 
 the diffractive elements comprise silicon oxynitride and have a larger refractive index than the core. 
 
     
     
       12. The apparatus of  claim 11 , wherein the diffractive elements are larger than about 0.1 μm in transverse extent in the confined dimension. 
     
     
       13. The apparatus of  claim 11 , wherein the diffractive elements have a refractive index larger than about 1.5. 
     
     
       14. The apparatus of  claim 1 , wherein the adaptation comprises a planar waveguide core in a non-diffracting region of the planar waveguide that is offset in the confined dimension relative to a planar waveguide core in a diffracting region of the planar waveguide. 
     
     
       15. The apparatus of  claim 14 , wherein the offset of the waveguide cores results in substantial alignment in the confined dimension of respective amplitude maxima of the diffractive-region optical modes and corresponding non-diffractive-region optical modes. 
     
     
       16. The apparatus of  claim 1 , wherein the adaptation comprises a planar waveguide core in a non-diffracting region of the planar waveguide that differs in transverse extent, in the confined dimension, from a planar waveguide core in a diffracting region of the planar waveguide. 
     
     
       17. The apparatus of  claim 16 , wherein the difference in transverse extent of the respective cores results in substantially similar sizes in the confined dimension of the diffractive-region optical modes and corresponding non-diffractive-region optical modes. 
     
     
       18. The apparatus of  claim 1 , wherein the adaptation comprises a planar waveguide core in the non-diffracting region with a refractive index higher than a refractive index of a planar waveguide core in the diffracting region and lower than a refractive index of the diffractive elements. 
     
     
       19. The apparatus of  claim 18 , wherein the refractive indices and transverse extents of the waveguide cores and diffractive elements result in diffractive-region optical modes and the corresponding non-diffractive-region optical modes that are substantially similar in transverse extent. 
     
     
       20. The apparatus of  claim 1 , wherein the adaptation comprises a transition region of the planar waveguide between the diffracting region and the non-diffracting region wherein a less-than-unity fill factor for the diffractive elements increases from the non-diffracting region toward the diffracting region. 
     
     
       21. The apparatus of  claim 20 , wherein spatial variation of the fill factor of the diffractive elements in the transition region of the planar waveguide is sufficiently gradual so as to result in substantially adiabatic optical coupling between diffractive-region optical modes and corresponding non-diffractive-region optical modes. 
     
     
       22. The apparatus of  claim 1 , wherein the adaptation comprises a transition region of the planar waveguide between the diffracting region and the non-diffracting region wherein number density of the diffractive elements increases from the non-diffracting region toward the diffracting region. 
     
     
       23. The apparatus of  claim 22 , wherein spatial variation of the number density of the diffractive elements in the transition region of the planar waveguide is sufficiently gradual so as to result in substantially adiabatic optical coupling between diffractive-region optical modes and corresponding non-diffractive-region optical modes. 
     
     
       24. The apparatus of  claim 1 , wherein the adaptation comprises a transition region of the planar waveguide between the diffracting region and the non-diffracting region wherein transverse extent in the confined dimension of the diffractive elements increases from the non-diffracting region toward the diffracting region. 
     
     
       25. The apparatus of  claim 24 , wherein spatial variation of the transverse extent of the diffractive elements in the transition region of the planar waveguide is sufficiently gradual so as to result in substantially adiabatic optical coupling between diffractive-region optical modes and corresponding non-diffractive-region optical modes. 
     
     
       26. The apparatus of  claim 1 , wherein the adaptation comprises a transition region of the planar waveguide between the diffracting region and the non-diffracting region wherein longitudinal extent of the diffractive elements increases from the non-diffracting region toward the diffracting region. 
     
     
       27. The apparatus of  claim 26 , wherein spatial variation of the longitudinal extent of the diffractive elements in the transition region of the planar waveguide is sufficiently gradual so as to result in substantially adiabatic optical coupling between diffractive-region optical modes and corresponding non-diffractive-region optical modes. 
     
     
       28. The apparatus of  claim 1 , wherein the adaptation comprises a transition region of the planar waveguide between the diffracting region and the non-diffracting region wherein refractive index of the diffractive elements increases from the non-diffracting region to the diffracting region. 
     
     
       29. The apparatus of  claim 28 , wherein spatial variation of the refractive index of the diffractive elements in the transition region of the planar waveguide is sufficiently gradual so as to result in substantially adiabatic optical coupling between diffractive-region optical modes and corresponding non-diffractive-region optical modes. 
     
     
       30. The apparatus of  claim 1 , wherein the optical element comprises a slab waveguide, the slab waveguide substantially confining in one transverse dimension optical fields propagating in two dimensions therein. 
     
     
       31. The apparatus of  claim 1 , wherein the optical element comprises a channel waveguide, the channel waveguide substantially confining in two transverse dimensions optical fields propagating in one dimension therein. 
     
     
       32. The apparatus of  claim 1 , wherein the planar waveguide comprises a core and lower-index cladding for substantially confining optical fields propagating therein. 
     
     
       33. The apparatus of  claim 32 , wherein the diffractive elements comprise grooves in the core, the grooves being filled with material having a refractive index larger than that of the core. 
     
     
       34. The apparatus of  claim 32 , wherein the diffractive elements comprise grooves in the core, the grooves being filled with cladding. 
     
     
       35. The apparatus of  claim 32 , wherein the diffractive elements comprise ridges of the core protruding into the cladding. 
     
     
       36. The apparatus of  claim 32 , wherein the diffractive elements comprise ridges, protruding into the cladding from the core, of material having a refractive index larger than that of the core. 
     
     
       37. The apparatus of  claim 32 , wherein the diffractive elements are positioned within the core. 
     
     
       38. The apparatus of  claim 32 , wherein the diffractive elements span the core in at least one confined dimension. 
     
     
       39. The apparatus of  claim 1 , wherein the diffractive elements comprise lithographically-formed elements. 
     
     
       40. The apparatus of  claim 1 , wherein the diffractive elements comprise localized regions of the waveguide differing from adjacent regions of the waveguide in optically-induced density. 
     
     
       41. The apparatus of  claim 1 , wherein the diffractive elements comprise localized regions of the waveguide differing from adjacent regions of the waveguide in mechanically-induced density. 
     
     
       42. The apparatus of  claim 1 , wherein the diffractive elements comprise localized regions of the waveguide differing from adjacent regions of the waveguide in dopant concentration. 
     
     
       43. The apparatus of  claim 1 , wherein the diffractive elements comprise holographically-formed elements. 
     
     
       44. An optical apparatus, comprising:
 an optical waveguide arranged to enable an optical signal to propagate therein, the optical waveguide further being arranged to substantially confine in at least one transverse dimension said optical signal that propagates therein; and   at least one set of diffractive elements in the optical waveguide,   wherein the optical signal propagates in the optical waveguide in a diffractive-region optical transverse mode in a first region of the optical waveguide where the at least one set of diffractive elements is present,   wherein the optical signal propagates in the optical waveguide in a non-diffractive-region optical transverse mode in a second region of the optical waveguide where the at least one set of diffractive elements is absent, and   wherein the at least one set of diffractive elements has an arrangement to provide a level of optical coupling between corresponding diffractive-region and non-diffractive-region optical transverse modes, or to provide a level of diffraction efficiency, and   wherein said arrangement includes:
 diffractive elements having sufficiently large transverse extent in the confined dimension so as to substantially suppress optical coupling between diffractive-region optical modes and non-confined optical modes; 
 diffractive elements positioned in the confined dimension so as to spatially overlap the diffractive-region optical transverse mode at or near a spatial maximum of an amplitude thereof; 
 diffractive elements having sufficiently large refractive index and sufficiently large transverse extent in the confined dimension so as to yield diffractive-region optical modes that substantially spatially overlap the diffractive elements; 
 a waveguide core in the second region of the optical waveguide that is offset in the confined dimension relative to a waveguide core in the first region of the optical waveguide; 
 a waveguide core in the second region of the optical waveguide that differs in transverse extent, in the confined dimension, from a waveguide core in the first region of the optical waveguide; 
 a waveguide core in the second region with a refractive index higher than a refractive index of a waveguide core in the first region and lower than a refractive index of the diffractive elements; 
 a transition region of the optical waveguide between the first region and the second region wherein a less-than-unity fill factor for the diffractive elements increases from the second region towards the first region; 
 a transition region of the optical waveguide between the first region and the second region wherein number density of the diffractive elements increases from the second region towards the first region; 
 a transition region of the optical waveguide between the first region and the second region wherein longitudinal extent of the diffractive elements increases from the second region towards the first region; 
 a transition region of the optical waveguide between the first region and the second region wherein transverse extent in the confined dimension of the diffractive elements increases from the second region towards the first region; or 
 a transition region of the optical waveguide between the first region and the second region wherein a refractive index of the diffractive elements increases from the second region to the first region. 
   
     
     
       45. The apparatus of claim 44 wherein the at least one set of diffractive elements is arranged to route, between an input optical port and an output optical port, a portion of the optical signal that is diffracted by the at least one set of diffractive elements. 
     
     
       46. The apparatus of claim 44 wherein said level of optical coupling includes an increased level of optical coupling. 
     
     
       47. The apparatus of claim 44 wherein said level of optical coupling includes a lowered level of optical coupling. 
     
     
       48. The apparatus of claim 44 wherein said level of diffraction efficiency includes an increased level of diffraction efficiency. 
     
     
       49. The apparatus of claim 44 wherein said level of diffraction efficiency includes a lowered level of diffraction efficiency. 
     
     
       50. An apparatus, comprising:
 optical waveguide means for propagating an optical signal therein and for substantially confining in at least one transverse dimension said optical signal propagating therein; and   at least one set of diffractive element means for diffracting a portion of the propagating optical signal,   wherein the optical signal propagates in the optical waveguide means in a diffractive-region optical transverse mode in a first region of the optical waveguide means where the at least one set of diffractive element means is present,   wherein the optical signal propagates in the optical waveguide means in a non-diffractive-region optical transverse mode in a second region of the optical waveguide means where the at least one set of diffractive element means is absent; and   wherein said at least one set of diffractive element means has an arrangement to provide a level of optical coupling between corresponding diffractive-region and non-diffractive-region optical transverse modes, or to provide a level of diffraction efficiency, and   wherein said arrangement includes:
 diffractive elements, of said at least one set of diffractive element means, having sufficiently large transverse extent in the confined dimension so as to substantially suppress optical coupling between diffractive-region optical modes and non-confined optical modes; 
 diffractive elements, of said at least one set of diffractive element means, positioned in the confined dimension so as to spatially overlap the diffractive-region optical transverse mode at or near a spatial maximum of an amplitude thereof; 
 diffractive elements, of said at least one set of diffractive element means, having sufficiently large refractive index and sufficiently large transverse extent in the confined dimension so as to yield diffractive-region optical modes that substantially spatially overlap the diffractive elements; 
 a waveguide core in the second region of the optical waveguide means that is offset in the confined dimension relative to a waveguide core in the first region of the optical waveguide means; 
 a waveguide core in the second region of the optical waveguide means that differs in transverse extent, in the confined dimension, from a waveguide core in the first region of the optical waveguide means; 
 a waveguide core in the second region with a refractive index higher than a refractive index of a waveguide core in the first region and lower than a refractive index of diffractive elements of said at least one set of diffractive element means; 
 a transition region of the optical waveguide means between the first region and the second region wherein a less-than-unity fill factor for diffractive elements, of said at least one set of diffractive element means, increases from the second region towards the first region; 
 a transition region of the optical waveguide means between the first region and the second region wherein number density of diffractive elements, of said at least one set of diffractive element means, increases from the second region towards the first region; 
 a transition region of the optical waveguide means between the first region and the second region wherein longitudinal extent of diffractive elements, of said at least one set of diffractive element means, increases from the second region towards the first region; 
 a transition region of the optical waveguide means between the first region and the second region wherein transverse extent in the confined dimension of diffractive elements, of said at least one set of diffractive element means, increases from the second region towards the first region; or 
 a transition region of the optical waveguide means between the first region and the second region wherein a refractive index of diffractive elements, of said at least one set of diffractive element means, increases from the second region to the first region. 
   
     
     
       51. The apparatus of claim 50 wherein said at least one set of diffractive element means diffracts said portion of the propagating optical signal between an input optical port and an output optical port. 
     
     
       52. The apparatus of claim 50 wherein said level of optical coupling includes an increased level of optical coupling. 
     
     
       53. The apparatus of claim 50 wherein said level of optical coupling includes a lowered level of optical coupling. 
     
     
       54. The apparatus of claim 50 wherein said level of diffraction efficiency includes an increased level of diffraction efficiency. 
     
     
       55. The apparatus of claim 50 wherein said level of diffraction efficiency includes a lowered level of diffraction efficiency.