Tracking system for locational tracking of monitored persons

Abstract

A monitoring system provides for monitoring of a person and taking an action to dissuade the person from a course of action. The system has a device attached to the person which includes mechanisms to provide for an intervention to dissuade the person from the course of action. The intervention may be in the form of delivery of either a medication or an electrical shock to the person. The system may further include monitoring of a bodily function of the person or positional tracking of the person. Various scenarios are described to provide for activation of the intervention. The system may include a second device in possession of a restrictor person with positional tracking of this person and comparison relative to the positional location of a restrictee person.

1. A monitoring system to provide for monitoring a plurality of monitored persons, the monitoring system comprising:
 a) a portable monitoring device for each of the monitored persons, each portable monitoring device comprising:
 1) securing means to provide for secure attachment of the portable monitoring device to a respective monitored person; 
 2) monitoring means to provide for detecting a bodily signal produced by the monitored person; 
 3) transmitting means to provide for transmission of a signal; 
 4) tamper detection means to provide for detecting tampering with the portable monitoring device attached to the respective monitored person; 
 5) receiving means to provide for receiving a distinct signal generated by a detached sending unit; 
 6) intervention means to provide for a mechanical intervention to physically dissuade the respective monitored person from a specific course of action; 
   b) transmission acquisition means to provide for receiving the signals sent out by each of the portable monitoring devices;   c) bodily signal reference creation means to provide for creation of a bodily signal reference as detected by the monitoring means; and   d) storage means to provide for an archival retention within a database of at least a series of bodily signal references of each of the portable monitoring devices of the monitoring system.   
     
     
       2. The monitoring system defined in  claim 1  wherein the bodily signal detected by the monitoring means comprises a blood pressure determination. 
     
     
       3. The monitoring system defined in  claim 1  wherein the bodily signal detected by the monitoring means comprises a heart beat rate. 
     
     
       4. The monitoring system defined in  claim 1  wherein the bodily signal detected by the monitoring means comprises a respiration rate. 
     
     
       5. The monitoring system defined in  claim 1  wherein the bodily signal detected by the monitoring means comprises a bodily temperature measurement. 
     
     
       6. The monitoring system defined in  claim 1  wherein the bodily signal detected by the monitoring means comprises a blood oxygen level. 
     
     
       7. The monitoring system defined in  claim 1  wherein the bodily signal detected by the monitoring means comprises a blood alcohol level. 
     
     
       8. The monitoring system defined in  claim 1  wherein each portable monitoring device further comprises receiving means to provide for receiving a distinct signal generated by a detached sending unit; and wherein the monitoring system further comprises positional determining means to provide for generating a position reference indicative of a positional location of each of the portable monitoring devices based upon the distinct signal received by the respective receiving means; and wherein the storage means further provides for an archival retention within the database of at least a series of the position references of each of the portable monitoring devices of the monitoring system. 
     
     
       9. The monitoring system defined in  claim 8  wherein the monitoring system further comprises temporal marking means to provide for indicating, within at least a range of temporal references, an associated occurrence reference indicative of when the position reference to the positional location of each of the portable monitoring device occurred, and wherein the storage means further provides for an archival retention within the database of at least a series of the associated occurrence references of each of the portable monitoring devices of the monitoring system. 
     
     
       10. A tracking system to provide for tracking of a plurality of monitored persons, the tracking system comprising:
 a) a portable monitoring device for each of the monitored persons, each portable monitoring device comprising:
 1) securing means to provide for secure attachment of the portable monitoring device to a respective monitored person; 
 2) tamper detection means to provide for detecting tampering with the portable monitoring device attached to the respective monitored person; 
 3) receiving means to provide for receiving a distinct signal generated by a detached sending unit; 
 4) transmitting means to provide for transmission of a signal; 
 5) intervention means to provide for a mechanical intervention to physically dissuade the respective monitored person from a specific course of action; 
   b) transmission acquisition means to provide for receiving the signals sent out by each of the portable monitoring devices;   c) positional determining means to provide for generating a position reference indicative of a positional location of each of the portable monitoring devices based upon the distinct signal received by the respective receiving means;   d) a conditional database having an entry for each portable monitoring device defining rules of conduct for each respective monitored person;   e) violation comparison means to provide for a comparison of a status of each portable monitoring device indicative of the specific course of action of the respective monitored person against a respective entry within the conditional database to determine if a violation condition exists; and   f) intervention activation means to provide for broadcasting a signal for reception by a respective portable monitoring device in response to an indication from the violation comparison means where the respective portable monitoring device activates the intervention means to dissuade the respective monitored person from the specific course of action which was detected by the violation comparison means.   
     
     
       11. The tracking system defined in  claim 10  wherein the intervention means further comprises a delivery of a medication. 
     
     
       12. The tracking system defined in  claim 10  wherein the intervention means further comprises a delivery of an electrical shock. 
     
     
       13. The tracking system defined in  claim 10  further comprising storage means to provide for an archival retention within a database of at least a series of the position references of each of the portable monitoring devices of the tracking system. 
     
     
       14. The tracking system defined in  claim 13  wherein the tracking system further comprises temporal marking means to provide for indicating, within at least a range of temporal references, an associated occurrence reference indicative of when the position reference to the positional location of each of the portable monitoring device occurred, and wherein the storage means further provides for an archival retention within the database of at least a series of the associated occurrence references of each of the portable monitoring devices of the tracking system. 
     
     
       15. A dual tracking system to provide for locational tracking of at least one pair of monitored persons, the pair of monitored persons having a restrictee person and a restrictor person, the dual tracking system comprising:
 a) a restrictee portable monitoring device for the restrictee person of the pair of monitored persons, the restrictee portable monitoring device comprising:
 1) securing means to provide for secure attachment of the restrictee portable monitoring device to the restrictee person; 
 2) tamper detection means to provide for detection of tampering with the restrictee portable monitoring device attached to the restrictee person; 
 3) restrictee receiving means to provide for receiving a distinct signal generated by a detached sending unit; 
 4) restrictee transmitting means to provide for restrictee transmission of a restrictee signal; 
 5) intervention means to provide for a mechanical intervention to physically dissuade the respective restrictee person from a specific course of action; 
   b) a restrictor portable monitoring device for the restrictor person of the pair of monitored persons, the restrictor portable monitoring device comprising:
 1) transport means to provide for the restrictor person to transport the restrictor portable monitoring device therewith; 
 2) restrictor receiving means to provide for receiving a distinct signal generated by the detached sending unit; 
 3) restrictor transmitting means to provide for restrictor transmission of a restrictor signal; 
   c) transmission acquisition means to provide for receiving the restrictee signal and the restrictor signal;   d) restrictee positional determining means to provide for generating a restrictee position reference indicative of a restrictee positional location of the restrictee portable monitoring device;   e) restrictor positional determining means to provide for generating a restrictor position reference indicative of a restrictor positional location of the restrictor portable monitoring device;   f) comparison means to provide for comparing the restrictee position reference and the restrictor position reference subsequent to the transmission acquisition means receiving the restrictee signal and the restrictor signal;   g) notification means to provide for generating a notification in the event that the restrictee position reference and the restrictor position reference are within a predetermined distance measurement range; and   h) intervention activation means to provide for broadcasting a signal for reception by a respective restrictee portable monitoring device in response to an indication from the comparison means where the respective restrictee portable monitoring device activates the intervention means to dissuade the respective restrictee person from the specific course of action which was detected by the comparison means.   
     
     
       16. The dual tracking system defined in  claim 15  further comprising storage means to provide for an archival retention within a database of at least a series of the restrictee position references. 
     
     
       17. The dual tracking system defined in  claim 16  further comprising temporal marking means to provide for indicating within at least a range of temporal references an associative restrictee occurrence reference indicative of when the restrictee receiving means received the distinct signal; and wherein the storage means further provides for an archival retention within the database of at least a series of the associative restrictee occurrence references. 
     
     
       18. The dual tracking system defined in  claim 15  wherein the intervention means further comprises a delivery of a medication. 
     
     
       19. The dual tracking system defined in  claim 15  wherein the intervention means further comprises a delivery of an electrical shock. 
     
     
       20. A tracking system to provide for locational tracking of a plurality of monitored persons, the tracking system comprising:
 a) a portable monitoring device for each of the monitored persons, the device being configured as a one-piece unit that is supported entirely about a single limb of that monitored person, the device further comprising:
 1) a cuff configured to provide for secure attachment of the portable monitoring device to a respective monitored person; 
 2) a tamper detection circuit configured to detect tampering with the portable monitoring device; 
 3) a receiver configured to receive at least one distinct signal generated by at least one detached sending unit; 
 4) temporal location circuitry configured to generate data representing the approximate position of the portable monitoring device at different times based upon the at least one distinct signal received by said receiver; 
 5) a memory configured to store and accumulate the data from the temporal location circuitry; and 
 6) a wireless transmitter circuit configured to provide for transmission of at least the data stored in said memory from the temporal location circuitry; 
 7) wherein the portable monitoring device stores in the memory multiple instances of the generated data from the temporal location circuitry representing the approximate position of the portable monitoring device at different times, and batch transmits on a schedule through the wireless transmitter circuit the multiple instances of the generated data representing the approximate position of the portable monitoring device at different times as accumulated in the memory from the temporal location circuitry; 
   b) a central location configured to receive the data sent out by each of the portable monitoring devices; and   c) bulk storage configured to retain within a locational tracking database at least a portion of the data sent out by each of the portable monitoring devices of the tracking system;   wherein the tracking system locationally tracks each of the portable monitoring devices and stores within the locational tracking database information regarding the approximate position of each of the monitored persons over time to thereby provide a movement history of each of the monitored persons.   
     
     
       21. The tracking system of claim 20, wherein said transmitter circuit is configured to intermittently batch transmit the data from said memory. 
     
     
       22. The tracking system of claim 20, wherein the single limb is an ankle. 
     
     
       23. The tracking system of claim 20, wherein the single limb is a wrist. 
     
     
       24. The tracking system of claim 20, wherein the plurality of monitored persons are individuals subject to a government ordered monitoring. 
     
     
       25. The tracking system of claim 20, wherein:
 said receiver comprises first and second receivers; said first receiver being configured to receive GPS signals; said second receiver being configured to receive non-GPS signals; and   said temporal location circuitry being configured to generate data representing the approximate position of the portable monitoring device based upon the non-GPS signals when said first receiver provides insufficient information to determine the approximate position of the portable monitoring device from the GPS signals.   
     
     
       26. The tracking system of claim 20, further comprising a comparator configured to compare the approximate position of the portable monitoring device with a boundary, and to issue an alert signal if the portable monitoring device crosses the boundary. 
     
     
       27. The tracking system of claim 20, wherein each said portable monitoring device includes a power source. 
     
     
       28. The tracking system of claim 20, wherein:
 each said portable monitoring device includes a casing configured to be secured to the monitored person with said cuff, said casing enclosing at least said receiver, said temporal location circuitry, said memory, and said transmitter circuit; and said casing being configured such that an authorized person can open it, the authorized person not being any monitored person.   
     
     
       29. The tracking system of claim 20 wherein said receiver receives more than one distinct signal from more than one detached sending unit, each received distinct signal being generated by a different detached sending unit and being different from any other received distinct signal. 
     
     
       30. The tracking system of claim 29 wherein said receiver receives three distinct signals each from a different one of three detached sending units. 
     
     
       31. The tracking system of claim 29 wherein the distinct signals are received at a plurality of times and the temporal location circuitry generates data representing the approximate position of the portable monitoring device at each of these plurality of times. 
     
     
       32. The tracking system of claim 31 wherein the transmitter circuit transmits at certain times and at each such time the data transmitted represents the approximate position of the portable monitoring device at more than one of the plurality of times. 
     
     
       33. The tracking system of claim 20, further comprising intermediate equipment configured to transfer to the central location the data sent out by each of the portable monitoring devices. 
     
     
       34. A tracking system to provide for locational tracking of a plurality of monitored persons, the tracking system comprising:
 a) a portable monitoring device for each of the monitored persons, the device being configured as a one-piece unit that is supported entirely about a single limb of that monitored person, the device further comprising:
 1) a cuff configured to provide for secure attachment of the portable monitoring device to a respective monitored person; 
 2) a tamper detection circuit configured to detect tampering with the portable monitoring device; 
 3) a receiver configured to receive at least one distinct signal generated by at least one detached sending unit; 
 4) temporal location circuitry configured to generate data representing the approximate position of the portable monitoring device at different times based upon the at least one distinct signal received by said receiver; 
 5) a memory configured to store the data from the temporal location circuitry; and 
 6) a wireless transmitter circuit configured to provide for transmission of at least the data stored in said memory from the temporal location circuitry; 
 7) wherein the portable monitoring device storing in the memory multiple instances of the generated data from the temporal location circuitry representing the approximate position of the portable monitoring device at different times, and batch transmitting on a schedule through the wireless transmitter circuit the multiple instances of the generated data representing the approximate position of the portable monitoring device at different times as accumulated in the memory from the temporal location circuitry; 
   b) a central location configured to receive the data sent out by each of the portable monitoring devices;   c) bulk storage configured to retain within a locational tracking database at least a portion of the data sent out by each of the portable monitoring devices of the tracking system;   d) an interface configured to enter a comparative location reference and a comparative temporal reference, the comparative location reference comprising at least one location reference, the comparative temporal reference having at least a specific temporal reference; and   e) a comparator configured to compare the comparative location reference and the comparative temporal reference with information from the locational tracking database to determine if any of the monitored persons were proximate to the comparative location reference during the comparative temporal reference;   wherein the tracking system locationally tracks each of the portable monitoring devices and stores within the locational tracking database information regarding the approximate position of each of the monitored persons over time to thereby provide a movement history of each of the monitored persons, and the comparative location reference and the comparative temporal reference may be entered for comparison with the information from the locational tracking database to determine if any of the monitored persons were proximate to the comparative location reference during the comparative temporal reference.   
     
     
       35. The tracking system of claim 34, wherein said transmitter circuit is configured to intermittently batch transmit the data from said memory. 
     
     
       36. The tracking system of claim 34, wherein the single limb is an ankle. 
     
     
       37. The tracking system of claim 34, wherein the single limb is a wrist. 
     
     
       38. The tracking system of claim 34, wherein the plurality of monitored persons are individuals subject to a government ordered monitoring. 
     
     
       39. The tracking system of claim 34, wherein:
 said receiver comprises first and second receivers;   said first receiver being configured to receive GPS signals; said second receiver being configured to receive non-GPS signals; and   said temporal location circuitry being configured to generate data representing the approximate position of the portable monitoring device based upon the non-GPS signals when said first receiver provides insufficient information to determine the approximate position of the portable monitoring device from the GPS signals.   
     
     
       40. The tracking system of claim 34, further comprising a comparator configured to compare the approximate position of the portable monitoring device with a boundary, and to issue an alert signal if the portable monitoring device crosses the boundary. 
     
     
       41. The tracking system of claim 34, wherein each said portable monitoring device includes a power source. 
     
     
       42. The tracking system of claim 34, wherein:
 each said portable monitoring device includes a casing configured to be secured to the monitored person with said cuff, said casing enclosing at least said receiver, said temporal location circuitry, said memory, and said transmitter circuit; and said casing being configured such that an authorized person can open it, the authorized person not being any monitored person.   
     
     
       43. The tracking system of claim 34, wherein said receiver receives more than one distinct signal from more than one detached sending unit, each received distinct signal being generated by a different detached sending unit and being different from any other received distinct signal. 
     
     
       44. The tracking system of claim 43, wherein said receiver receives three distinct signals each from a different one of three detached sending units. 
     
     
       45. The tracking system of claim 43, wherein the distinct signals are received at a plurality of times and the temporal location circuitry generates data representing the approximate position of the portable monitoring device at each of these plurality of times. 
     
     
       46. The tracking system of claim 45 wherein the transmitter circuit transmits at certain times and at each such time the data transmitted represents the approximate position of the portable monitoring device at more than one of the plurality of times. 
     
     
       47. The tracking system of claim 34, further comprising intermediate equipment configured to transfer to the central location the data sent out by each of the portable monitoring devices. 
     
     
       48. A tracking system to provide for locational tracking of a plurality of monitored persons, the tracking system comprising:
 a) a portable monitoring device for each of the monitored persons, the device being configured as a one-piece unit that is supported entirely about a single limb of that monitored person, the device further comprising:
 1) a cuff configured to provide for secure attachment of the portable monitoring device to a respective monitored person; 
 2) a tamper detection circuit configured to detect tampering with the portable monitoring device; 
 3) first and second receivers, said first receiver being configured to receive at least one GPS satellite signal, and said second receiver being configured to receive at least one non-GPS ground signal; 
 4) temporal location circuitry being configured to generate data representing the approximate position of the portable monitoring device based upon output from at least one of the first and second receivers; 
 5) a memory configured to store the data from the temporal location circuitry; and 
 6) a wireless transmitter circuit configured to provide for transmission of at least the data stored in said memory from the temporal location circuitry; 
 7) wherein the portable monitoring device stores in the memory multiple instances of the generated data from the temporal location circuitry representing the approximate position of the portable monitoring device at different times, and batch transmits on a schedule through the wireless transmitter circuit the multiple instances of the generated data representing the approximate position of the portable monitoring device at different times as accumulated in the memory from the temporal location circuitry; 
   b) a central location configured to receive the data sent out by each of the portable monitoring devices; and   c) bulk storage configured to retain within a locational tracking database at least a portion of the data sent out by each of the portable monitoring devices of the tracking system;   wherein the tracking system locationally tracks each of the portable monitoring devices and stores within the locational tracking database information regarding the approximate position of each of the monitored persons over time to thereby provide a movement history of each of the monitored persons.   
     
     
       49. The tracking system of claim 48, wherein said transmitter circuit is configured to intermittently batch transmit the data from said memory. 
     
     
       50. The tracking system of claim 48, wherein the single limb is an ankle. 
     
     
       51. The tracking system of claim 48, wherein the single limb is a wrist. 
     
     
       52. The tracking system of claim 48, wherein the plurality of monitored persons are individuals subject to a government ordered monitoring. 
     
     
       53. The tracking system of claim 48, wherein:
 said temporal location circuitry being configured to generate data representing the approximate position of the portable monitoring device based upon the non-GPS signals when said temporal location circuitry in unable to accurately determine the approximate position of the portable monitoring device from the GPS signals.   
     
     
       54. The tracking system of claim 48, further comprising a comparator configured to compare the approximate position of the portable monitoring device with a boundary, and to issue an alert signal if the portable monitoring device crosses the boundary. 
     
     
       55. The tracking system of claim 48, wherein each said portable monitoring device includes a power source. 
     
     
       56. The tracking system of claim 48, wherein: each said portable monitoring device includes a casing configured to be secured to the monitored person with said cuff, said casing enclosing at least said first and second receivers, said temporal location circuitry, said memory, and said transmitter circuit; and said casing being configured such that an authorized person can open it, the authorized person not being any monitored person. 
     
     
       57. The tracking system of claim 48, further comprising intermediate equipment configured to transfer to the central location the data sent out by each of the portable monitoring devices. 
     
     
       58. A tracking system to provide for locational tracking of a plurality of monitored persons, the tracking system comprising:
 a) a portable monitoring device for each of the monitored persons, the device being configured as a one-piece unit that is supported entirely about a single limb of that monitored person, the device further comprising:
 1) a cuff configured to provide for secure attachment of the portable monitoring device to a respective monitored person; 
 2) a tamper detection circuit configured to detect tampering with the portable monitoring device; 
 3) first and second receivers, said first receiver being configured to receive at least one GPS signal, and said second receiver being configured to receive at least one non-GPS signal; 
 4) temporal location circuitry being configured to generate data representing the approximate position of the portable monitoring device based upon output from at least one of the first and second receivers; 
 5) a memory configured to store the data from the temporal location circuitry; and 
 6) a wireless transmitter circuit configured to provide for transmission of at least the data stored in said memory from the temporal location circuitry; 
 7) wherein the portable monitoring device stores in the memory multiple instances of the generated data from the temporal location circuitry representing the approximate position of the portable monitoring device at different times, and batch transmits on a schedule through the wireless transmitter circuit the multiple instances of the generated data representing the approximate position of the portable monitoring device at different times as accumulated in the memory from the temporal location circuitry; 
   b) a central location configured to receive the data sent out by each of the portable monitoring devices;   c) bulk storage configured to retain within a locational tracking database at least a portion of the data sent out by each of the portable monitoring devices of the tracking system;   d) an interface configured to enter a comparative location reference and a comparative temporal reference, the comparative location reference comprising at least one location reference, the comparative temporal reference having at least a specific temporal reference; and   e) a comparator configured to compare the comparative location reference and the comparative temporal reference with information from the locational tracking database to determine if any of the monitored persons were proximate to the comparative location reference during the comparative temporal reference;   wherein the tracking system locationally tracks each of the portable monitoring devices and stores within the locational tracking database information regarding the approximate position of each of the monitored persons over time to thereby provide a movement history of each of the monitored persons, and the comparative location reference and the comparative temporal reference may be entered for comparison with the information from the locational tracking database to determine if any of the monitored persons were proximate to the comparative location reference during the comparative temporal reference.   
     
     
       59. The tracking system of claim 58, wherein said transmitter circuit is configured to intermittently batch transmit the data from said memory. 
     
     
       60. The tracking system of claim 58, wherein the single limb is an ankle. 
     
     
       61. The tracking system of claim 58, wherein the single limb is a wrist. 
     
     
       62. The tracking system of claim 58, wherein the plurality of monitored persons are individuals subject to a government ordered monitoring. 
     
     
       63. The tracking system of claim 58, wherein:
 said temporal location circuitry being configured to generate data representing the approximate position of the portable monitoring device based upon the non-GPS signals when said temporal location circuitry in unable to accurately determine the approximate position of the portable monitoring device from the GPS signals.   
     
     
       64. The tracking system of claim 58, further comprising a comparator configured to compare the approximate position of the portable monitoring device with a boundary, and to issue an alert signal if the portable monitoring device crosses the boundary. 
     
     
       65. The tracking system of claim 58, wherein each said portable monitoring device includes a power source. 
     
     
       66. The tracking system of claim 58, wherein:
 each said portable monitoring device includes a casing configured to be secured to the monitored person with said cuff, said casing enclosing at least said first and second receivers, said temporal location circuitry, said memory, and said transmitter circuit; and said casing being configured such that an authorized person can open it, the authorized person not being any monitored person.   
     
     
       67. The tracking system of claim 58, further comprising intermediate equipment configured to transfer to the central location the data sent out by each of the portable monitoring devices. 
     
     
       68. A tracking system to provide for locational tracking of a plurality of monitored persons, the tracking system comprising:
 a) a portable monitoring device for each of the monitored persons, the device being configured as a one-piece unit that is supported entirely about a single limb of that monitored person, the portable monitoring device further comprising:
 1) a band providing for secure attachment of the portable monitoring device to the single limb of the respective monitored person; and 
 2) onboard data storage; 
 3) wherein the portable monitoring device:
 i) determines a series of approximate locations of the portable monitoring device; 
 ii) stores in the onboard storage a plurality of data points including the series of approximate locations of the portable monitoring device and the respective time at which each of the approximate locations of the portable monitoring device within the series was determined; and 
 iii) wirelessly batch transfers the plurality of the data points; 
 
   b) a central location having a memory and which:
 1) receives the plurality of data points as batch transferred from each portable monitoring device; and 
 2) retains within a database the plurality of data points sent out by each portable monitoring devices; 
   wherein the retained plurality of data points within the database provides a collection of individual movement histories of each monitored person among the plurality of monitored persons.   
     
     
       69. The tracking system of claim 68, further comprising intermediate equipment configured to transfer to the central location the plurality of data points sent out by each of the portable monitoring devices. 
     
     
       70. The tracking system of claim 68, further comprising the central location being configured to:
 receive crime scene information defining a location area and time frame of a crime; and   compare the movement histories with the crime scene information to determine whether any of the monitored persons were proximate to the crime.   
     
     
       71. A method for tracking a plurality of monitored persons, comprising:
 (a) providing a plurality of one-piece units, each of the one-piece units including a cuff, location circuitry, tamper detection circuitry, memory and a wireless transmitter;   (b) securely attaching, via the cuff, each of the one-piece units to each of the monitored persons, respectively;   (c) each of the one-piece units as secured to a respective monitored person monitoring the location of the monitored person, comprising:
 (1) monitoring the one-piece unit for tampering; 
 (2) determining through the location circuitry the approximate location of the one-piece unit and a respective time at which the approximate location was determined, wherein by virtue of the cuff being securely attached the approximate location of the one-piece unit is the approximate location of the respective monitored person; 
 (3) storing in the memory the approximate location of the one-piece unit and the corresponding time as provided by the location circuitry; 
 (4) repeating said determining and said storing, such that the memory over time contains a series of approximate locations of the one-piece unit at corresponding times; and 
 (5) batch transmitting, on a schedule, from the memory using the wireless transmitter, the series of approximate locations at corresponding times stored in the memory; 
   (e) receiving, at a central location, the batch transmission of the one-piece units; and   (f) storing in a central database the series of approximate locations at corresponding times sent out by each of the one-piece units, such that the central database represents a movement history of each of the monitored persons.   
     
     
       72. The tracking system of claim 71, further comprising:
 comparing crime scene data, defined by an area of a crime and a time frame of a crime, with the central database to identify any of the plurality of monitored persons who were within the area of the crime during the time frame of the crime.