Electrolytic solutions and battery

Abstract

A battery capable of improving the storage characteristics and the cycle characteristics is provided. The battery includes a cathode, an anode, and an electrolytic solution. The electrolytic solution is impregnated in a separator provided between the cathode and the anode. A solvent of the electrolytic solution contains a given sulfone compound such as bis(trimethylsilyl)-2,2-difluorosulfoacetate. Compared to a case that a solvent does not contain the foregoing sulfone compound, the chemical stability of the electrolytic solution is improved, and the decomposition reaction of the electrolytic solution is suppressed.

The invention is claimed as follows: 
     
       1. An electrolytic solution comprising:
 a solvent containing a sulfone compound shown in Chemical formula 1 
 
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         an electrolyte salt, 
         wherein R1 represents a halogen group, —O—R4, —S—R4, —O—SiR5 3 , or —S—SiR5 3 , R2 is a halogen group, —O—R6, —S—R6, —S—SiR7 3 , or —O—SiR7 3 , wherein R3 consists of carbon and flourine, wherein R4 and R6 are an alkyl group with the carbon number in the range from 1 to 4 or an alkyl halide group with the carbon number in the range from 1 to 4, wherein R5 and R7 are an alkyl group with the carbon number in the range from 1 to 4, an alkylene group with the carbon number in the range from 1 to 4, or an aryl group, and wherein R4, R6, R5 and R7 may be identical or different. 
       
     
     
       2. The electrolytic solution according to  claim 1 , wherein a content of the sulfone compound is in a range from 0.01 wt % to 5 wt %. 
     
     
       3. The electrolytic solution according to  claim 1 , wherein the solvent contains cyclic ester carbonate having an unsaturated bond. 
     
     
       4. The electrolytic solution according to  claim 1 , wherein the solvent contains at least one selected from the group consisting of chain ester carbonate having a halogen as an element shown in Chemical formula 2 and cyclic ester carbonate having a halogen as an element shown in Chemical formula 3, 
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         wherein R11 to R16 represent a hydrogen group, a halogen group, an alkyl group, or an alkyl halide group, wherein R11 to R16 may be identical or different, wherein at least one of R11 to R16 is the halogen group or the alkyl halide group, wherein R21 to R24 represent a hydrogen group, a halogen group, an alkyl group, or an alkyl halide group, wherein R21 to R24 may be identical or different, and wherein at least one of R21 to R24 is the halogen group or the alkyl halide group. 
       
     
     
       5. The electrolytic solution according to  claim 4 , wherein the cyclic ester carbonate having a halogen as an element includes at least one of 4-fluoro-1,3-dioxolane-2-one and 4,5-difluoro-1,3-dioxolane-2-one. 
     
     
       6. The electrolytic solution according to  claim 1 , wherein the solvent contains sultone. 
     
     
       7. The electrolytic solution according to  claim 1 , wherein the solvent contains an acid anhydride. 
     
     
       8. The electrolytic solution according to  claim 1 , wherein the electrolyte salt contains at least one selected from the group consisting of compounds shown in Chemical formula 4, Chemical formula 5, and Chemical formula 6, 
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         wherein X31 represents a Group 1A element or a Group 2A element in the short period periodic table or aluminum, M31 represents a transition metal, a Group 3B element, a Group 4B element, or a Group 5B element in the short period periodic table, R31 represents a halogen group, Y31 represents —OC—R32-CO—, —OC—CR33 2 -, or —OC—CO—, R32 represents an alkylene group, an alkylene halide group, an arylene group, or an arylene halide group, R33 represents an alkyl group, an alkyl halide group, an aryl group, or an aryl halide group, and may be identical or different, a3 represents one of integer numbers 1 to 4, b3 represents 0 or an integer number of 2 or 4, and c3, d3, m3, and n3 represent one of integer numbers 1 to 3, 
       
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         wherein X41 represents a Group 1A element or a Group 2A element in the short period periodic table, M41 represents a transition metal, a Group 3B element, a Group 4B element, or a Group 5B element in the short period periodic table, Y41 represents —OC—(CR41 2 ) b4 -CO—, —R43 2 C—(CR42 2 ) c4 -CO—, —R43 2 C—(CR42 2 ) c4 -CR43 2 -, —R43 2 C—(CR42 2 ) c4 -SO 2 —, —O 2 S—(CR42 2 ) d4 -SO 2 —, or —OC—(CR42 2 ) d4 -SO 2 —, R41 and R43 represent a hydrogen group, an alkyl group, a halogen group, or an alkyl halide group, R41 and R43 may be respectively identical or different, at least one of R41 and R43 is respectively the halogen group or the alkyl halide group, R42 represents a hydrogen group, an alkyl group, a halogen group, or an alkyl halide group, and may be identical or different, a4, e4, and n4 represent an integer number of 1 or 2, b4 and d4 represent one of integer numbers 1 to 4, c4 represents 0 or one of integer numbers 1 to 4, and f4 and m4 represent one of integer numbers 1 to 3, and 
       
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         wherein X51 represents a Group 1A element or a Group 2A element in the short period periodic table, M51 represents a transition metal, a Group 3B element, a Group 4B element, or a Group 5B element in the short period periodic table, Rf represents a fluorinated alkyl group with the carbon number in the range from 1 to 10 or a fluorinated aryl group with the carbon number in the range from 1 to 10, Y51 represents —OC—(CR51 2 ) d5 -CO—, —R52 2 C—(CR51 2 ) d5 -CO—, —R52 2 C—(CR51 2 ) d5 -CR52 2 -, —R52 2 C—(CR51 2 ) d5 -SO 2 —, —O 2 S—(CR51 2 ) e5 -SO 2 —, or —OC—(CR51 2 ) e5 -SO 2 —, R51 represents a hydrogen group; an alkyl group, a halogen group, or an alkyl halide group, and may be identical or different, R52 represents a hydrogen group, an alkyl group, a halogen group, or an alkyl halide group, may be identical or different, but at least one thereof is the halogen group or the alkyl halide group, a5, f5, and n5represent an integer number of 1 or 2, b5, c5, and e5 represent one of integer numbers 1 to 4, d5 represents 0 or one of integer numbers 1 to 4, and g5 and m5 represent one of integer numbers 1 to 3. 
       
     
     
       9. The electrolytic solution according to  claim 8 , wherein:
 wherein the compound shown in Chemical formula 4 includes at least one selected from the group consisting of difluoro[oxalate-O,O′]lithium borate in Chemical formula 7(1), difluorobis[oxalate-O,O′]lithium phosphate in Chemical formula 7(2), difluoro[3,3,3-trifluoro-2-oxide-2-trifluoromethyl propionate(2-)-O,O′]lithium borate in Chemical formula 7(3), bis[3,3,3-trifluoro-2-oxide-2-trifluoromethyl propionate(2-)—O,O′]lithium borate in Chemical formula 7(4), tetrafluoro[oxalate-O,O′]lithium phosphate in Chemical formula 7(5), and bis[oxalate-O, O′]lithium borate in Chemical formula 7(6); 
 wherein the compound shown in Chemical formula 5 includes at least one selected from the group consisting of (2,2-difluoromalonate oxalate)lithium borate in Chemical formula 8(1), [bis(3,3,3-trifluoromethyl)glycolate oxalate]lithium borate in Chemical formula 8(2), (3,3,3-trifluoromethyl propionate oxalate)lithium borate in Chemical formula 8(3), (2-trifluoromethyl propionate oxalate)lithium borate in Chemical formula 8(4), (4,4,4-trifluoro-3-trifluoromethyl butyric acid oxalate)lithium borate in Chemical formula 8(5), (perfluoropinacolate oxalate)lithium borate in Chemical formula 8(6), (4,4,4-trifluoro-3-methyl butyric acid oxalate)lithium borate in Chemical formula 8(7), and (4,4,4-trifluorobutyric acid oxalate)lithium borate in Chemical formula 8(8); and 
 the compound shown in Chemical formula 6 includes fluorotrifluoromethyl[oxalate-O, O′]lithium borate in Chemical formula 8(9), 
 
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
       
     
     
       10. The electrolytic solution according to  claim 1 , wherein the electrolyte salt contains at least one selected from the group consisting of lithium hexafluorophosphate, lithium tetrafluoroborate, lithium perchlorate, lithium hexafluoroarsenate, and compounds shown in Chemical formula 9, Chemical formula 10, and Chemical formula 11,
   LiN(C m F 2m+1 SO 2 )(C n F 2n+1 SO 2 )  Chemical formula 9
 
 wherein m and n represent an integer number of 1 or more, and m and n may be identical or different, 
 
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         wherein R61 represents a straight chain or branched perfluoro alkylene group with the carbon number in the range from 2 to 4, and
   LiC(C p F 2p+1 SO 2 )(C q F 2q+1 SO 2 )(C r F 2r+1 SO 2 )  Chemical formula 11
 
 
         wherein p, q, and r represent an integer number of 1 or more, and p, q, and r may be identical or different. 
       
     
     
       11. A battery comprising:
 a cathode; 
 an anode; and 
 an electrolytic solution, wherein the electrolytic solution contains a solvent containing a sulfone compound shown in Chemical formula 12 and an electrolyte salt, 
 
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         wherein R1 represents a halogen group, —O—R4, —S—R4, —O—SiR5 3 , or —S—SiR5 3 , R2 is a halogen group, —O—R6, —S—R6, —S—SiR7 3 , or —O—SiR7 3 , R3 consists of carbon and flourine, R4 and R6 are an alkyl group with the carbon number in the range from 1 to 4 or an alkyl halide group with the carbon number in the range from 1 to 4, R5 and R7 are an alkyl group with the carbon number in the range from 1 to 4, an alkylene group with the carbon number in the range from 1 to 4, or an aryl group, and R4 , R6 , R5 and R7 may be identical or different. 
       
     
     
       12. The battery according to  claim 11 , wherein a content of the sulfone compound in the electrolytic solution is in a range from 0.01 wt % to 5 wt %. 
     
     
       13. The battery according to  claim 11 , wherein the solvent contains cyclic ester carbonate having an unsaturated bond. 
     
     
       14. The battery according to  claim 11 , wherein the solvent contains at least one selected from the group consisting of chain ester carbonate having a halogen as an element shown in Chemical formula 13 and cyclic ester carbonate having a halogen as an element shown in Chemical formula 14, 
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         wherein R11 to R16 represent a hydrogen group, a halogen group, an alkyl group, or an alkyl halide group, R11 to R16 may be identical or different, and at least one of R11 to R16 is the halogen group or the alkyl halide group, and 
       
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         wherein R21 to R24 represent a hydrogen group, a halogen group, an alkyl group, or an alkyl halide group, R21 to R24 may be identical or different, and at least one of R21 to R24 is the halogen group or the alkyl halide group. 
       
     
     
       15. The battery according to  claim 14 , wherein the cyclic ester carbonate having a halogen as an element includes at least one of 4-fluoro-1,3-dioxolane-2-one and 4,5-difluoro-1,3-dioxolane-2-one. 
     
     
       16. The battery according to  claim 11 , wherein the solvent contains sultone. 
     
     
       17. The battery according to  claim 11 , wherein the solvent contains an acid anhydride. 
     
     
       18. The battery according to  claim 11 , wherein the electrolyte salt contains at least one selected from the group consisting of compounds shown in Chemical formula 15, Chemical formula 16, and Chemical formula 17, 
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         wherein X31 represents a Group 1A element or a Group 2A element in the short period periodic table or aluminum, M31 represents a transition metal, a Group 3B element, a Group 4B element, or a Group 5B element in the short period periodic table, R31 represents a halogen group, Y31 represents —OC—R32-CO—, —OC—CR33 2 -, or —OC—CO—, R32 represents an alkylene group, an alkylene halide group, an arylene group, or an arylene halide group, R33 represents an alkyl group, an alkyl halide group, an aryl group, or an aryl halide group, and may be identical or different, a3 represents one of integer numbers 1 to 4, b3 represents 0 or an integer number of 2 or 4, and c3, d3, m3, and n3 represent one of integer numbers 1 to 3, 
       
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         wherein X41 represents a Group 1A element or a Group 2A element in the short period periodic table, M41 represents a transition metal, a Group 3B element, a Group 4B element, or a Group 5B element in the short period periodic table, Y41 represents —OC—(CR41 2 ) b4 -CO—, —R43 2 C—(CR42 2 ) c4 -CO—, —R43 2 C—(CR42 2 ) c4 -CR43 2 -, —R43 2 C—(CR42 2 ) c4 -SO 2 —, —O 2 S—(CR42 2 ) d4 -SO 2 —, or —OC—(CR42 2 ) d4 -SO 2 —, R41 and R43 represent a hydrogen group, an alkyl group, a halogen group, or an alkyl halide group, R41 and R43 may be respectively identical or different, at least one of R41 and R43 is respectively the halogen group or the alkyl halide group, R42 represents a hydrogen group, an alkyl group, a halogen group, or an alkyl halide group, and may be identical or different, a4, e4, and n4 represent an integer number of 1 or 2, b4 and d4 represent one of integer numbers 1 to 4, c4 represents 0 or one of integer numbers 1 to 4, f4 and m4 represent one of integer numbers 1 to 3, and 
       
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         wherein X51 represents a Group 1A element or a Group 2A element in the short period periodic table, M51 represents a transition metal, a Group 3B element, a Group 4B element, or a Group 5B element in the short period periodic table, Rf represents a fluorinated alkyl group with the carbon number in the range from 1 to 10 or a fluorinated aryl group with the carbon number in the range from 1 to 10, Y51 represents —OC—(CR51 2 ) d5 -CO—, —R52 2 C—(CR51 2 ) d5 -CO—, —R52 2 C—(CR51 2 ) d5 -CR52 2 -, —R52 2 C—(CR51 2 ) d5 -SO 2 —, —O 2 S—(CR51 2 ) e5 -SO 2 —, or —OC—(CR51 2 ) e5 -SO 2 —, R51 represents a hydrogen group, an alkyl group, a halogen group, or an alkyl halide group, and may be identical or different, R52 represents a hydrogen group, an alkyl group, a halogen group, or an alkyl halide group, may be identical or different, but at least one thereof is the halogen group or the alkyl halide group, a5, f5, and n5 represent an integer number of 1 or 2, b5, c5, and e5 represent one of integer numbers 1 to 4, d5 represents 0 or one of integer numbers 1 to 4, and g5 and m5 represent one of integer numbers 1 to 3. 
       
     
     
       19. The battery according to  claim 18 , wherein:
 the compound shown in Chemical formula 15 includes at least one selected from the group consisting of difluoro[oxalate-O,O′]lithium borate in Chemical formula 18(1), difluorobis[oxalate-O,O′]lithium phosphate in Chemical formula 18(2), difluoro[3,3,3-trifluoro-2-oxide-2-trifluoromethyl propionate(2-)-O,O′]lithium borate in Chemical formula 18(3), bis[3,3,3-trifluoro-2-oxide-2-trifluoromethyl propionate(2)-O,O′]lithium borate in Chemical formula 18(4), tetrafluoro[oxalate-O,O′]lithium phosphate in Chemical formula 18(5), and bis[oxalate-O,O′]lithium borate in Chemical formula 18(6); 
 the compound shown in Chemical formula 16 includes at least one selected from the group consisting of (2,2-difluoromalonate oxalate)lithium borate in Chemical formula 19(1), [bis(3,3,3-trifluoromethyl)glycolate oxalate]lithium borate in Chemical formula 19(2), (3,3,3-trifluoromethyl propionate oxalate)lithium borate in Chemical formula 19(3), (2-trifluoromethyl propionate oxalate)lithium borate in Chemical formula 19(4), (4,4,4-trifluoro-3-trifluoromethyl butyric acid oxalate)lithium borate in Chemical formula 19(5), (perfluoropinacolate oxalate)lithium borate in Chemical formula 19(6), (4,4,4-trifluoro-3-methyl butyric acid oxalate)lithium borate in Chemical formula 19(7), and (4,4,4-trifluorobutyric acid oxalate)lithium borate in Chemical formula 19(8); and 
 the compound shown in Chemical formula 17 includes fluorotrifluoromethyl[oxalate-O,O′]lithium borate in Chemical formula 19(9), 
 
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
       
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
       
     
     
       20. The battery according to  claim 11 , wherein the electrolyte salt contains at least one selected from the group consisting of lithium hexafluorophosphate, lithium tetrafluoroborate, lithium perchlorate, lithium hexafluoroarsenate, and compounds shown in Chemical formula 20, Chemical formula 2(1), and Chemical formula 22,
   LiN(C m F 2m+1 SO 2 )(C n F 2n+1 SO 2 )  Chemical formula 20
 
 wherein m and n represent an integer number of 1 or more, and m and n may be identical or different, 
 
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         wherein R61 represents a straight chain or branched perfluoro alkylene group with the carbon number in the range from 2 to 4, and
   LiC(C p F 2p+1 SO2 )(C q F 2q+1 SO 2 )(C r F 2r+1 SO 2 )  Chemical formula 22
 
 
         wherein p, q, and r represent an integer number of 1 or more, and p, q, and r may be identical or different. 
       
     
     
       21. The battery according to  claim 11 , wherein the anode contains a carbon material, lithium metal, or a material containing at least one selected from the group consisting of silicon and tin as an element. 
     
     
       22. The battery according to  claim 11 , wherein the anode contains at least one selected from the group consisting of a simple substance of silicon, an alloy of silicon, a compound of silicon and a simple substance of tin, an alloy of tin, and a compound of tin. 
     
     
       23. The battery according to  claim 11 , wherein the anode comprises:
 an anode current collector; and 
 an anode active material layer provided on the anode current collector, 
 wherein the anode active material layer is formed by at least one method selected from the group consisting of vapor-phase deposition method, liquid phase deposition method, and firing method. 
 
     
     
       24. An electrolytic solution comprising:
 a solvent containing a sulfone compound shown in Chemical formula 1 Chemical formula 1; and   
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         an electrolyte salt, 
         wherein R1 represents a halogen group, —O—R4, —S—R4, —O—SiR5 3 , or —S—SiR5 3 , R2 is a halogen group, —O—R6, —S—R6, —S—SiR7 3 , or —O—SiR7 3 , wherein R3 comprises carbon, wherein R4 and R6 are an alkyl group with the carbon number in the range from 1 to 4 or an alkyl halide group with the carbon number in the range from 1 to 4, wherein R5 and R7 are an alkyl group with the carbon number in the range from 1 to 4, an alkylene group with the carbon number in the range from 1 to 4, or an aryl group, and wherein R4, R6, R5 and R7 may be identical or different. 
       
     
     
       25. The electrolyte solution according to claim 24, wherein R3 further comprises at least one selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, oxygen and a halogen. 
     
     
       26. The electrolyte solution according to claim 25, wherein R3 is selected from the group consisting of —CH 2 —, —CHF—, —CF 2 —, —C≡C—, —CH 2 —CH 2 —, —CF 2 —CF 2 —, —CH 2 —O—CH 2 —, —CF 2 —CH 2 —CF 2 —, —CH 2 —CH 2 —CH 2 —, —CF 2 —CF 2 —CF 2 —, —CH 2 —CH 2 —CH 2 —CH 2 —, —CF 2 —CH 2 —CH 2 —CF 2 —, —CF 2 —CF 2 —CF 2 —CF 2 —, —C(CH 3 ) 2 —, —C(C 2 H 5 ) 2 —, —C(C 3 H 7 ) 2 —, —C(CH 3 ) 2 —C(CH 3 ) 2 —, —CH 2 —CH 2 —C(CH 3 ) 2 —, —CF 2 —CH 2 —C(CH 3 ) 2 —, —C(CH 3 ) 2 —CH 2 —C(CH 3 ) 2 —, —C(C 6 H 5 ) 2 —C(C 6 H 5 ) 2 —, —CF 2 —CH 2 —C(C 6 H 5 ) 2 —, —C(C 6 H 5 ) 2 —CH 2 —C(C 6 H 5 ) 2 —. 
     
     
       27. The electrolyte solution according to claim 24, wherein R3 further comprises hydrogen. 
     
     
       28. The electrolyte solution according to claim 27, wherein R3 is selected from the group consisting of —CH 2 —, —CHF—, —CH 2 —CH 2 —, —CH 2 —O—CH 2 —, —CF 2 —CH 2 —CF 2 —, —CH 2 —CH 2 —CH 2 —, —CH 2 —CH 2 —CH 2 —CH 2 —, —CF 2 —CH 2 —CH 2 —CF 2 —, —C(CH 3 ) 2 —, —C(C 2 H 5 ) 2 —, —C(C 3 H 7 ) 2 —, —C(CH 3 ) 2 —C(CH 3 ) 2 —, —CH 2 —CH 2 —C(CH 3 ) 2 —, —CF 2 —CH 2 —C(CH 3 ) 2 —, —C(CH 3 ) 2 —CH 2 —C(CH 3 ) 2 —, —C(C 6 H 5 ) 2 —C(C 6 H 5 ) 2 —, —CF 2 —CH 2 —C(C 6 H 5 ) 2 —, —C(C 6 H 5 ) 2 —CH 2 —C(C 6 H 5 ) 2 —. 
     
     
       29. The electrolyte solution according to claim 24, wherein R3 is —C≡C—. 
     
     
       30. The electrolyte solution according to claim 24, wherein R3 further comprises a halogen. 
     
     
       31. The electrolyte solution according to claim 30, wherein R3 is selected from the group consisting of —CHF—, —CF 2 —, —CF 2 —CF 2 —, —CF 2 —CH 2 —CF 2 —, —CF 2 —CF 2 —CF 2 —, —CF 2 —CH 2 —CH 2 —CF 2 —, —CF 2 —CF 2 —CF 2 —CF 2 —, —CF 2 —CH 2 —C(CH 3 ) 2 —, —CF 2 —CH 2 —C(C 6 H 5 ) 2 —. 
     
     
       32. The electrolyte solution according to claim 24, wherein R3 further comprises oxygen. 
     
     
       33. The electrolyte solution according to claim 32, wherein R3 is —CH 2 —O—CH 2 —. 
     
     
       34. A battery comprising:
 a cathode;   an anode; and   an electrolytic solution, wherein the electrolytic solution contains a solvent containing a sulfone compound shown in Chemical formula 12 and an electrolyte salt,   
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         wherein R1 represents a halogen group, —O—R4, —S—R4, —O—SiR5 3 , or —S—SiR5 3 , R2 is a halogen group, —O—R6, —S—R6, —S—SiR7 3 , or —O—SiR7 3 , wherein R3 comprises carbon, R4 and R6 are an alkyl group with the carbon number in the range from 1 to 4 or an alkyl halide group with the carbon number in the range from 1 to 4, R5 and R7 are an alkyl group with the carbon number in the range from 1 to 4, an alkylene group with the carbon number in the range from 1 to 4, or an aryl group, and R4, R6, R5 and R7 may be identical or different. 
       
     
     
       35. The battery according to claim 34, wherein R3 further comprises at least one selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, oxygen and a halogen. 
     
     
       36. The battery according to claim 35, wherein R3 is selected from the group consisting of —CH 2 —, —CHF—, —CF 2 —, —C≡C—, —CH 2 —CH 2 —, —CF 2 —CF 2 —, —CH 2 —O—CH 2 —, —CF 2 —CH 2 —CF 2 —, —CH 2 —CH 2 —CH 2 —, —CF 2 —CF 2 —CF 2 —, —CH 2 —CH 2 —CH 2 —CH 2 —, —CF 2 —CH 2 —CH 2 —CF 2 —, —CF 2 —CF 2 —CF 2 —CF 2 —, —C(CH 3 ) 2 —, —C(C 2 H 5 ) 2 —, —C(C 3 H 7 ) 2 —, —C(CH 3 ) 2 —C(CH 3 ) 2 —, —CH 2 —CH 2 —C(CH 3 ) 2 —, —CF 2 —CH 2 —C(CH 3 ) 2 —, —C(CH 3 ) 2 —CH 2 —C(CH 3 ) 2 —, —C(C 6 H 5 ) 2 —C(C 6 H 5 ) 2 —, —CF 2 —CH 2 —C(C 6 H 5 ) 2 —, —C(C 6 H 5 ) 2 —CH 2 —C(C 6 H 5 ) 2 —. 
     
     
       37. The battery according to claim 34, wherein R3 further comprises hydrogen. 
     
     
       38. The battery according to claim 37, wherein R3 is selected from the group consisting of —CH 2 —, —CHF—, —CH 2 —CH 2 —, —CH 2 —O—CH 2 —, —CF 2 —CH 2 —CF 2 —, —CH 2 —CH 2 —CH 2 —, —CH 2 —CH 2 —CH 2 —CH 2 —, —CF 2 —CH 2 —CH 2 —CF 2 —, —C(CH 3 ) 2 —, —C(C 2 H 5 ) 2 —, —C(C 3 H 7 ) 2 —, —C(CH 3 ) 2 —C(CH 3 ) 2 —, —CH 2 —CH 2 —C(CH 3 ) 2 —, —CF 2 —CH 2 —C(CH 3 ) 2 —, —C(CH 3 ) 2 —CH 2 —C(CH 3 ) 2 —, —C(C 6 H 5 ) 2 —C(C 6 H 5 ) 2 —, —CF 2 —CH 2 —C(C 6 H 5 ) 2 —, —C(C 6 H 5 ) 2 —CH 2 —C(C 6 H 5 ) 2 —. 
     
     
       39. The battery according to claim 34, wherein R3 is —C≡C—. 
     
     
       40. The battery according to claim 34, wherein R3 further comprises a halogen. 
     
     
       41. The battery according to claim 40, wherein R3 is selected from the group consisting of —CHF—, —CF 2 —, —CF 2 —CF 2 —, —CF 2 —CH 2 —CF 2 —, —CF 2 —CF 2 —CF 2 —, —CF 2 —CH 2 —CH 2 —CF 2 —, —CF 2 —CF 2 —CF 2 —CF 2 —, —CF 2 —CH 2 —C(CH 3 ) 2 —, —CF 2 —CH 2 —C(C 6 H 5 ) 2 —. 
     
     
       42. The battery according to claim 34, wherein R3 further comprises oxygen. 
     
     
       43. The battery according to claim 42, wherein R3 is —CH 2 —O—CH 2 —.