USRE44709EExpiredUtilityPatentIndex 51
Soft Cr-containing steel

Assignee: MIYAZAKI ATSUSHIPriority: Nov 15, 2000Filed: May 13, 2009Granted: Jan 21, 2014
Est. expiryNov 15, 2020(expired)· nominal 20-yr term from priority
Inventors:MIYAZAKI ATSUSHI HIRASAWA JUNICHIRO MURAKI MINEO YAZAWA YOSHIHIRO FURUKIMI OSAMU
C21D 6/02C22C 38/004C22C 38/46C22C 38/48C22C 38/44C22C 38/001C21D 6/004C22C 38/06C22C 38/04C22C 38/02C22C 38/18
PatentIndex Score
Cited by
References
104
Claims
Abstract

The soft Cr-containing steel includes, on a % by mass basis, C: from about 0.001% to about 0.020%, Si: more than about 0.10% and less than about 0.50%, Mn: less than about 2.00%, P: less than about 0.060%, S: less than about 0.008%, Cr: from about 12.0% to about 16.0%, Ni: from about 0.05% to about 1.00%, N: less than about 0.020%, Nb: from about 10×(C+N) to about 1.00%, Mo: more than about 0.80% and less than about 3.00%, wherein the contents of alloying elements, represented by Si and Mo, respectively, on a % by mass, satisfy the formula Si≦1.2-0.4 Mo, so as to prevent precipitation of the Laves phase and to stably secure an effect of increasing high-temperature strength due to solid solution Mo.
Claims

exact text as granted — not AI-modified
What is claimed is: 
     
       1. A soft Cr-containing steel having a composition, on a % by mass basis, comprising:
 C: from about 0.001% to about 0.020%;   Si: more than about 0.10% and less than about 0.50%;   Mn: less than about 2.00%;   P: less than about 0.060%;   S: less than about 0.008%;   Cr: from about 12.0% or more to about 16.0%;   Ni: from about 0.05% to about 1.00%;   N: less than about 0.020%;   Nb: from about 0.30% to less than 1.00%;   Mo: more than about 0.80% and less than about 3.00%; and   Fe and incidental impurities,   wherein the contents of alloying elements, silicon and molybdenum, represented by Si and Mo, respectively, on a % by mass basis, satisfy the following formula (1)
   Si≦1.2-0.4Mo  (1) and,
 
   regarding the state of Mo in the steel, a ratio of (112) diffraction intensity of the Laves phase, (Fe,Cr) 2 (Mo,Nb), to (111) diffraction intensity of Nb carbonitride, Nb(C,N), A value =I{(Fe,Cr) 2 (Mo,Nb)} (112) /I{Nb(C,N)} (111) , is less than 0.4 based on X-ray diffraction of extraction residues of precipitates in the steel.   
     
     
       2. The soft Cr-containing steel according to  claim 1 , wherein the content of Mo is more than about 1.50% and less than about 3.00% by mass in the composition. 
     
     
       3. The soft Cr-containing steel according to  claim 1 , further comprising, on a % by mass basis, at least one selected from the group consisting of Cu: from about 0.05% to about 1.00%, Ti: from about 0.02% to about 0.50%, V: from about 0.05% to about 0.50%, and B: from about 0.0005% to about 0.0100%. 
     
     
       4. The soft Cr-containing steel according to  claim 2 , further comprising, on a % by mass basis, at least one selected from the group consisting of Cu: from about 0.05% to about 1.00%, Ti: from about 0.02% to about 0.50%, V: from about 0.05% to about 0.50%, and B: from about 0.0005% to about 0.0100%. 
     
     
       5. The soft Cr-containing steel according to  claim 1 , further comprising W: from about 0.50% to about 5.00% by mass. 
     
     
       6. The soft Cr-containing steel according to  claim 2 , further comprising W: from about 0.50% to about 5.00% by mass. 
     
     
       7. The soft Cr-containing steel according to  claim 3 , further comprising W: from about 0.50% to about 5.00% by mass. 
     
     
       8. The soft Cr-containing steel according to  claim 1 , further comprising Al: from about 0.02% to about 0.50% by mass. 
     
     
       9. The soft Cr-containing steel according to  claim 2 , further comprising Al: from about 0.02% to about 0.50% by mass. 
     
     
       10. The soft Cr-containing steel according to  claim 3 , further comprising Al: from about 0.02% to about 0.50% by mass. 
     
     
       11. The soft Cr-containing steel according to  claim 4 , further comprising Al: from about 0.02% to about 0.50% by mass. 
     
     
       12. The soft Cr-containing steel according to  claim 1 , further comprising, on a % by mass basis, at least one element selected from the group consisting of REM: from about 0.03% to about 0.10% and Zr: from about 0.05% to about 0.50%. 
     
     
       13. The soft Cr-containing steel according to  claim 2 , further comprising, on a % by mass basis, at least one element selected from the group consisting of REM; from about 0.03% to about 0.10% and Zr: from about 0.05% to about 0.50%. 
     
     
       14. The soft Cr-containing steel according to  claim 3 , further comprising, on a % by mass basis, at least one element selected from the group consisting of REM: from about 0.03% to about 0.10% and Zr: from about 0.05% to about 0.50%. 
     
     
       15. The soft Cr-containing steel according to  claim 4 , further comprising, on a % by mass basis, at least one element selected from the group consisting of REM: from about 0.03% to about 0.10% and Zr: from about 0.05% to about 0.50%. 
     
     
       16. The soft Cr-containing steel according to  claim 5 , further comprising, on a % by mass basis, at least one element selected from the group consisting of REM: from about 0.03% to about 0.10% and Zr: from about 0.05% to about 0.50%. 
     
     
       17. The soft Cr-containing steel according to  claim 1 , wherein the % by mass basis of Nb is from about 0.30% to about 0.70%. 
     
     
       18. A soft ferrite structure, Cr-containing steel having a composition, on a % by mass basis, comprising:
 C: from about 0.001% to about 0.020%;   Si: more than about 0.10% and less than about 0.50%;   Mn: less than about 2.00%;   P: less than about 0.060%;   S: less than about 0.008%;   Cr: from about 12.0% or more to about 16.0%;   Ni: from about 0.05% to about 1.00%;   N: less than about 0.020%;   Nb: from about 0.30% to less than 1.00%;   Mo: more than about 0.80% and less than about 3.00%; and   Fe and incidental impurities,   wherein the contents of alloying elements, silicon and molybdenum, represented by Si and Mo, respectively, on a % by mass basis, satisfy the following formula (1)
   Si≦1.2-0.4Mo  (1)
 
   wherein the steel has a ferrite single phase structure and   the state of Mo in the steel, a ratio of (112) diffraction intensity of the Laves phase, (Fe,Cr)2(Mo,Nb), to (111) diffraction intensity of Nb carbonitride, Nb(C,N), A value =I{(Fe,Cr) 2 (Mb,Nb)} (112) /I{Nb(C,N)} (111) , is less than 0.4 based on X-ray diffraction of extraction residues of precipitates in the steel.   
     
     
       19. The ferrite structure, soft Cr-containing steel according to  claim 18 , wherein the % by mass basis of Nb is from about 0.30% to about 0.70%. 
     
     
       20. An automobile exhaust system component, comprising a member made of a soft Cr-containing steel having a composition, on a % by mass basis, comprising:
 C: from about 0.001% to about 0.020%;   Si: more than about 0.10% and less than about 0.50%;   Mn: less than about 2.00%;   P: less than about 0.060%;   S: less than about 0.008%;   Cr: from about 12.0% or more to about 16.0%;   Ni: from about 0.05% to about 1.00%;   N: less than about 0.020%;   Nb: from about 0.30% to less than 1.00%;   Mo: more than about 0.80% and less than about 3.00%; and   Fe and incidental impurities,   wherein the contents of alloying elements, silicon and molybdenum, represented by Si and Mo, respectively, on a % by mass basis, satisfy the following formula (1)
   Si≦1.2-0.4Mo  (1), and
 
   regarding the state of Mo in the steel, a ratio of (112) diffraction intensity of the Laves phase, (Fe,Cr) 2 (Mo,Nb), to (111) diffraction intensity of Nb carbonitride, Nb(C,N), A value =I{(Fe,Cr) 2 (Mo,Nb)} (112) /I{Nb(C,Nn)} (111) , is less than 0.4 based on X-ray diffraction of extraction residues of precipitates in the steel.   
     
     
       21. The automobile exhaust system component of  claim 20 , wherein the component is an outer casing for a catalytic converter. 
     
     
       22. The automobile exhaust system component of  claim 20 , wherein the component is an exhaust pipe. 
     
     
       23. The soft Cr-containing steel according to  claim 18 , wherein the content of Mo is more than about 1.50% and less than about 3.00% by mass in the composition. 
     
     
       24. The soft Cr-containing steel according to  claim 18 , further comprising, on a % by mass basis, at least one selected from the group consisting of Cu: from about 0.05% to about 1.00%, Ti: from about 0.02% to about 0.50%, V: from about 0.05% to about 0.50%, and B: from about 0.0005% to about 0.0100%. 
     
     
       25. The soft Cr-containing steel according to  claim 23 , further comprising, on a % by mass basis, at least one selected from the group consisting of Cu: from about 0.05% to about 1.00%, Ti: from about 0.02% to about 0.50%, V: from about 0.05% to about 0.50%, and B: from about 0.0005% to about 0.0100%. 
     
     
       26. The soft Cr-containing steel according to  claim 18 , further comprising W: from about 0.50% to about 5.00% by mass. 
     
     
       27. The soft Cr-containing steel according to  claim 23 , further comprising W: from about 0.50% to about 5.00% by mass. 
     
     
       28. The soft Cr-containing steel according to  claim 24 , further comprising W: from about 0.50% to about 5.00% by mass. 
     
     
       29. The soft Cr-containing steel according to  claim 18 , further comprising Al: from about 0.02% to about 0.50% by mass. 
     
     
       30. The soft Cr-containing steel according to  claim 23 , further comprising Al: from about 0.02% to about 0.50% by mass. 
     
     
       31. The soft Cr-containing steel according to  claim 24 , further comprising Al: from about 0.02% to about 0.50% by mass. 
     
     
       32. The soft Cr-containing steel according to  claim 25 , further comprising Al: from about 0.02% to about 0.50% by mass. 
     
     
       33. The soft Cr-containing steel according to  claim 18 , further comprising, on a % by mass basis, at least one element selected from the group consisting of REM: from about 0.03% to about 0.10% and Zr: from about 0.05% to about 0.50%. 
     
     
       34. The soft Cr-containing steel according to  claim 23 , further comprising, on a % by mass basis, at least one element selected from the group consisting of REM: from about 0.03% to about 0.10% and Zr: from about 0.05% to about 0.50%. 
     
     
       35. The soft Cr-containing steel according to  claim 24 , further comprising, on a % by mass basis, at least one element selected from the group consisting of REM: from about 0.03% to about 0.10% and Zr: from about 0.05% to about 0.50%. 
     
     
       36. The soft Cr-containing steel according to  claim 25 , further comprising, on a % by mass basis, at least one element selected from the group consisting of REM: from about 0.03% to about 0.10% and Zr: from about 0.05% to about 0.50%. 
     
     
       37. The soft Cr-containing steel according to  claim 26 , further comprising, on a % by mass basis, at least one element selected from the group consisting of REM: from about 0.03% to about 0.10% and Zr: from about 0.05% to about 0.50%. 
     
     
       38. The exhaust system according to  claim 20 , wherein the content of Mo is more than about 1.50% and less than about 3.00% by mass in the composition. 
     
     
       39. The exhaust system according to  claim 20 , further comprising, on a % by mass basis, at least one selected from the group consisting of Cu: from about 0.05% to about 1.00%, Ti: from about 0.02% to about 0.50%, V: from about 0.05% to about 0.50%, and B!from about 0.0005% to about 0.0100%. 
     
     
       40. The exhaust system according to  claim 38 , further comprising, on a % by mass basis, at least one selected from the group consisting of Cu: from about 0.05% to about 1.00%, Ti: from about 0.02% to about 0.50%, V: from about 0.05% to about 0.50%, and B: from about 0.0005% to about 0.0100%. 
     
     
       41. The exhaust system according to  claim 20 , further comprising W: from about 0.50% to about 5.00% by mass. 
     
     
       42. The exhaust system according to  claim 38 , further comprising W: from about 0.50% to about 5.00% by mass. 
     
     
       43. The exhaust system according to  claim 39 , further comprising W: from about 0.50% to about 5.00% by mass. 
     
     
       44. The exhaust system according to  claim 20 , further comprising Al: from about 0.02% to about 0.50% by mass. 
     
     
       45. The exhaust system according to  claim 38 , further comprising Al: from about 0.02% to about 0.50% by mass. 
     
     
       46. The exhaust system according to  claim 39 , further comprising Al: from about 0.02% to about 0.50% by mass. 
     
     
       47. The exhaust system according to  claim 40 , further comprising Al: from about 0.02% to about 0.50% by mass. 
     
     
       48. The exhaust system according of  claim 20 , further comprising, on a % by mass basis, at least one element selected from the group consisting of REM: from about 0.03% to about 0.10% and Zr: from about 0.05% to about 0.50%. 
     
     
       49. The exhaust system according to  claim 38 , further comprising, on a % by mass basis, at least one element selected from the group consisting of REM: from about 0.03% to about 0.10% and Zr: from about 0.05% to about 0.50%. 
     
     
       50. The exhaust system according to  claim 39 , further comprising, on a % by mass basis, at least one element selected from the group consisting of REM: from about 0.03% to about 0.10% and Zr: from about 0.05% to about 0.50%. 
     
     
       51. The exhaust system according to  claim 40 , further comprising, on a % by mass basis, at least one element selected from the group consisting of REM: from about 0.03% to about 0.10% and Zr: from about 0.05% to about 0.50%. 
     
     
       52. The exhaust system according to  claim 41 , further comprising, on a % by mass basis, at least one element selected from the group consisting of REM: from about 0.03% to about 0.10% and Zr: from about 0.05% to about 0.50%. 
     
     
       53. A soft Cr-containing steel having a composition, on a % by mass basis, comprising:
 C: from 0.001% to 0.020%;   Si: 0.25% or more and less than 0.50%;   Mn: less than 2.00%;   P: less than 0.060%;   S: from 0.002% to 0.006%;   Cr: from 14.0% to 16.0%;   Ni: from 0.05% to 1.00%;   N: less than 0.020%;   Nb: from 0.30% to less than 1.00%;   Mo: more than 0.80% and less than 3.00%; and   a balance of Fe and incidental impurities,   wherein the contents of alloying elements, silicon and molybdenum, represented by Si and Mo, respectively, on a % by mass basis, satisfy the following formula (1)
   Si≦1.2-0.4Mo  (1) and,
 
   regarding the state of Mo in the steel, a ratio of (112) diffraction intensity of the Laves phase, (Fe,Cr) 2 (Mo,Nb), to (111) diffraction intensity of Nb carbonitride, Nb(C,N), A value =I{(Fe,Cr) 2 (Mo,Nb)} (112) /I{Nb(C,N)} (111) , is less than 0.4 based on X-ray diffraction of extraction residues of precipitates in the steel,   wherein Ti is not added to the composition as an alloying element.   
     
     
       54. A soft ferrite structure, Cr-containing steel having a composition, on a % by mass basis, comprising:
 C: from 0.001% to 0.020%;   Si: 0.25% or more and less than 0.50%;   Mn: less than 2.00%;   P: less than 0.060%;   S: from 0.002% to 0.006%;   Cr: from 14.0% to 16.0%;   Ni: from 0.05% to 1.00%;   N: less than 0.020%;   Nb: from 0.30% to less than 1.00%;   Mo: more than 0.80% and less than 3.00%; and   a balance of Fe and incidental impurities,   wherein the contents of alloying elements, silicon and molybdenum, represented by Si and Mo, respectively, on a % by mass basis, satisfy the following formula (1)
   Si≦1.2-0.4Mo  (1)
 
   wherein the steel has a ferrite single phase structure and the state of Mo in the steel, a ratio of (112) diffraction intensity of the Laves phase, (Fe,Cr)2(Mo,Nb), to (111) diffraction intensity of Nb carbonitride, Nb(C,N), A value =I{(Fe,Cr) 2 (Mo,Nb)} (112) /I{Nb(C,N)} (111) , is less than 0.4 based on X-ray diffraction of extraction residues of precipitates in the steel,   wherein Ti is not added to the composition as an alloying element.   
     
     
       55. An automobile exhaust system component, comprising a member made of a soft Cr-containing steel having a composition, on a % by mass basis, comprising:
 C: from 0.001% to 0.020%;   Si: 0.25% or more and less than 0.50%;   Mn: less than 2.00%;   P: less than 0.060%;   S: from 0.002% to 0.006%;   Cr: from 14.0% to 16.0%;   Ni: from 0.05% to 1.00%;   N: less than 0.020%;   Nb: from 0.30% to less than 1.00%;   Mo: more than 0.80% and less than 3.00%; and   a balance of Fe and incidental impurities,   wherein the contents of alloying elements, silicon and molybdenum, represented by Si and Mo, respectively, on a % by mass basis, satisfy the following formula (1)
   Si≦1.2-0.4Mo  (1) and,
 
   regarding the state of Mo in the steel, a ratio of (112) diffraction intensity of the Laves phase, (Fe,Cr) 2 (Mo,Nb), to (111) diffraction intensity of Nb carbonitride, Nb(C,N), A value =I{(Fe,Cr) 2 (Mo,Nb)} (112) /I{Nb(C,Nn)} (111) , is less than 0.4 based on X-ray diffraction of extraction residues of precipitates in the steel,   wherein Ti is not added to the composition as an alloying element.   
     
     
       56. The soft Cr-containing steel according to claim 53, wherein the content of Mo is more than 1.50% and less than 3.00% by mass in the composition. 
     
     
       57. The soft Cr-containing steel according to claim 53, further comprising, on a % by mass basis, at least one selected from the group consisting of Cu: from 0.05% to 1.00%, V: from 0.05% to 0.50%, and B: from 0.0005% to 0.0100%. 
     
     
       58. The soft Cr-containing steel according to claim 56, further comprising, on a % by mass basis, at least one selected from the group consisting of Cu: from 0.05% to 1.00%, V: from 0.05% to 0.50%, and B: from 0.0005% to 0.0100%. 
     
     
       59. The soft Cr-containing steel according to claim 53, further comprising W: from 0.50% to 5.00% by mass. 
     
     
       60. The soft Cr-containing steel according to claim 56, further comprising W: from 0.50% to 5.00% by mass. 
     
     
       61. The soft Cr-containing steel according to claim 57, further comprising W: from 0.50% to 5.00% by mass. 
     
     
       62. The soft Cr-containing steel according to claim 53, further comprising Al: from 0.02% to 0.50% by mass. 
     
     
       63. The soft Cr-containing steel according to claim 56, further comprising Al: from 0.02% to 0.50% by mass. 
     
     
       64. The soft Cr-containing steel according to claim 57, further comprising Al: from 0.02% to 0.50% by mass. 
     
     
       65. The soft Cr-containing steel according to claim 58, further comprising Al: from 0.02% to 0.50% by mass. 
     
     
       66. The soft Cr-containing steel according to claim 53, further comprising, on a % by mass basis, at least one element selected from the group consisting of REM: from 0.03% to 0.10% and Zr: from 0.05% to 0.50%. 
     
     
       67. The soft Cr-containing steel according to claim 56, further comprising, on a % by mass basis, at least one element selected from the group consisting of REM; from 0.03% to 0.10% and Zr: from 0.05% to 0.50%. 
     
     
       68. The soft Cr-containing steel according to claim 57, further comprising, on a % by mass basis, at least one element selected from the group consisting of REM: from 0.03% to 0.10% and Zr: from 0.05% to 0.50%. 
     
     
       69. The soft Cr-containing steel according to claim 58, further comprising, on a % by mass basis, at least one element selected from the group consisting of REM: from 0.03% to 0.10% and Zr: from 0.05% to 0.50%. 
     
     
       70. The soft Cr-containing steel according to claim 59, further comprising, on a % by mass basis, at least one element selected from the group consisting of REM: from 0.03% to 0.10% and Zr: from 0.05% to 0.50%. 
     
     
       71. The soft Cr-containing steel according to claim 53, wherein the % by mass basis of Nb is from 0.30% to 0.70%. 
     
     
       72. The ferrite structure, soft Cr-containing steel according to claim 54, wherein the % by mass basis of Nb is from 0.30% to 0.70%. 
     
     
       73. The soft Cr-containing steel according to claim 54, wherein the content of Mo is more than 1.50% and less than 3.00% by mass in the composition. 
     
     
       74. The soft Cr-containing steel according to claim 54, further comprising, on a % by mass basis, at least one selected from the group consisting of Cu: from 0.05% to 1.00%, V: from 0.05% to 0.50%, and B: from 0.0005% to 0.0100%. 
     
     
       75. The soft Cr-containing steel according to claim 73, further comprising, on a % by mass basis, at least one selected from the group consisting of Cu: from 0.05% to 1.00%, V: from 0.05% to 0.50%, and B: from 0.0005% to 0.0100%. 
     
     
       76. The soft Cr-containing steel according to claim 54, further comprising W: from 0.50% to 5.00% by mass. 
     
     
       77. The soft Cr-containing steel according to claim 73, further comprising W: from 0.50% to 5.00% by mass. 
     
     
       78. The soft Cr-containing steel according to claim 74, further comprising W: from 0.50% to 5.00% by mass. 
     
     
       79. The soft Cr-containing steel according to claim 54, further comprising Al: from 0.02% to 0.50% by mass. 
     
     
       80. The soft Cr-containing steel according to claim 73, further comprising Al: from 0.02% to 0.50% by mass. 
     
     
       81. The soft Cr-containing steel according to claim 74, further comprising Al: from 0.02% to 0.50% by mass. 
     
     
       82. The soft Cr-containing steel according to claim 75, further comprising Al: from 0.02% to 0.50% by mass. 
     
     
       83. The soft Cr-containing steel according to claim 54, further comprising, on a % by mass basis, at least one element selected from the group consisting of REM: from 0.03% to 0.10% and Zr: from 0.05% to 0.50%. 
     
     
       84. The soft Cr-containing steel according to claim 73, further comprising, on a % by mass basis, at least one element selected from the group consisting of REM: from 0.03% to 0.10% and Zr: from 0.05% to 0.50%. 
     
     
       85. The soft Cr-containing steel according to claim 74, further comprising, on a % by mass basis, at least one element selected from the group consisting of REM: from 0.03% to 0.10% and Zr: from 0.05% to 0.50%. 
     
     
       86. The soft Cr-containing steel according to claim 75, further comprising, on a % by mass basis, at least one element selected from the group consisting of REM: from 0.03% to 0.10% and Zr: from 0.05% to 0.50%. 
     
     
       87. The soft Cr-containing steel according to claim 76, further comprising, on a % by mass basis, at least one element selected from the group consisting of REM: from 0.03% to 0.10% and Zr: from 0.05% to 0.50%. 
     
     
       88. The automobile exhaust system component of claim 55, wherein the component is an outer casing for a catalytic converter. 
     
     
       89. The automobile exhaust system component of claim 55, wherein the component is an exhaust pipe. 
     
     
       90. The exhaust system according to claim 55, wherein the content of Mo is more than 1.50% and less than 3.00% by mass in the composition. 
     
     
       91. The exhaust system according to claim 55, further comprising, on a % by mass basis, at least one selected from the group consisting of Cu: from 0.05% to 1.00%, V: from 0.05% to 0.50%, and B:from 0.0005% to 0.0100%. 
     
     
       92. The exhaust system according to claim 90, further comprising, on a % by mass basis, at least one selected from the group consisting of Cu: from 0.05% to 1.00%, Ti: from 0.02% to 0.50%, V: from 0.05% to 0.50%, and B: from 0.0005% to 0.0100%. 
     
     
       93. The exhaust system according to claim 55, further comprising W: from 0.50% to 5.00% by mass. 
     
     
       94. The exhaust system according to claim 90, further comprising W: from 0.50% to 5.00% by mass. 
     
     
       95. The exhaust system according to claim 91, further comprising W: from 0.50% to 5.00% by mass. 
     
     
       96. The exhaust system according to claim 55, further comprising Al: from 0.02% to 0.50% by mass. 
     
     
       97. The exhaust system according to claim 90, further comprising Al: from 0.02% to 0.50% by mass. 
     
     
       98. The exhaust system according to claim 91, further comprising Al: from 0.02% to 0.50% by mass. 
     
     
       99. The exhaust system according to claim 92, further comprising Al: from 0.02% to 0.50% by mass. 
     
     
       100. The exhaust system according of claim 55, further comprising, on a % by mass basis, at least one element selected from the group consisting of REM: from 0.03% to 0.10% and Zr: from 0.05% to 0.50%. 
     
     
       101. The exhaust system according to claim 90, further comprising, on a % by mass basis, at least one element selected from the group consisting of REM: from 0.03% to 0.10% and Zr: from 0.05% to 0.50%. 
     
     
       102. The exhaust system according to claim 91, further comprising, on a % by mass basis, at least one element selected from the group consisting of REM: from 0.03% to 0.10% and Zr: from 0.05% to 0.50%. 
     
     
       103. The exhaust system according to claim 92, further comprising, on a % by mass basis, at least one element selected from the group consisting of REM: from 0.03% to 0.10% and Zr: from 0.05% to 0.50%. 
     
     
       104. The exhaust system according to claim 93, further comprising, on a % by mass basis, at least one element selected from the group consisting of REM: from 0.03% to 0.10% and Zr: from 0.05% to 0.50%.
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