Discriminating electromagnetic radiation based on angle of incidence

Abstract

The present invention provides systems, articles, and methods for discriminating electromagnetic radiation based upon the angle of incidence of the electromagnetic radiation. In some cases, the materials and systems described herein can be capable of inhibiting reflection of electromagnetic radiation (e.g., the materials and systems can be capable of transmitting and/or absorbing electromagnetic radiation) within a given range of angles of incidence at a first incident surface, while substantially reflecting electromagnetic radiation outside the range of angles of incidence at a second incident surface (which can be the same as or different from the first incident surface). A photonic material comprising a plurality of periodically occurring separate domains can be used, in some cases, to selectively transmit and/or selectively absorb one portion of incoming electromagnetic radiation while reflecting another portion of incoming electromagnetic radiation, based upon the angle of incidence. In some embodiments, one domain of the photonic material can include an isotropic dielectric function, while another domain of the photonic material can include an anisotropic dielectric function. In some instances, one domain of the photonic material can include an isotropic magnetic permeability, while another domain of the photonic material can include an anisotropic magnetic permeability. In some embodiments, non-photonic materials (e.g., materials with relatively large scale features) can be used to selectively absorb incoming electromagnetic radiation based on angle of incidence.

What is claimed is: 
     
       1. An article, comprising:
 a photonic material comprising a plurality of periodically occurring separate layers, including at least a first layer and a second layer disposed over the first layer, wherein:
 the first or second layer has an isotropic dielectric function while the other of the first and second layers has an anisotropic dielectric function; 
 the first or second layer has an isotropic magnetic permeability while the other of the first and second layers layer has an anisotropic magnetic permeability; and 
 the first and second layers are part of a 1-dimensionally periodic photonic crystal comprising a periodic assembly of layers, wherein the 1-dimensionally periodic photonic crystal is arranged in such a way that a line along a first coordinate direction within the 1-dimensionally periodic photonic crystal passes through multiple layers while lines along second and third orthogonal coordinate directions, each of the second and third orthogonal coordinate directions being orthogonal to the first coordinate direction within the 1-dimensionally periodic photonic crystal, do not pass through multiple layers; and 
 the second layer comprising the anisotropic magnetic permeability comprises a combination of at least two materials arranged to have an anisotropic effective magnetic permeability. 
 
 
     
     
       2. The article of  claim 1 , wherein the first layer has an isotropic dielectric function, and the second layer has an anisotropic dielectric function. 
     
     
       3. The article of  claim 1 , wherein the first layer has an anisotropic dielectric function, and the second layer has an isotropic dielectric function. 
     
     
       4. The article of  claim 1 , wherein the first layer has an isotropic magnetic permeability, and the second layer has an anisotropic magnetic permeability. 
     
     
       5. The article of  claim 1 , wherein the first layer has an anisotropic magnetic permeability, and the second layer has an isotropic magnetic permeability. 
     
     
       6. The article of  claim 2 , wherein the second layer comprising an anisotropic dielectric function comprises a single material having an anisotropic dielectric function. 
     
     
       7. The article of  claim 6 , wherein the single material having an anisotropic dielectric function comprises TiO 2 , calcite, calomel, beryl, lithium niobate, zircon, and/or or mica. 
     
     
       8. The article of  claim 2 , wherein the second layer comprising an anisotropic dielectric function comprises a combination of at least two materials arranged to have an anisotropic effective dielectric function. 
     
     
       9. The article of  claim 8 , wherein the combination of at least two materials arranged to have an anisotropic effective dielectric function form a 2-dimensionally periodic photonic crystal. 
     
     
       10. The article of  claim 4 , wherein the second layer comprising an anisotropic magnetic permeability comprises a combination of at least two materials arranged to have an anisotropic effective magnetic permeability. 
     
     
       11. The article of claim  10  1, wherein the second layer comprising an anisotropic magnetic permeability comprises a combination of a metal and a second material. 
     
     
       12. The article of  claim 11 , wherein the second material comprises a dielectric material. 
     
     
       13. The article of claim  10  1, wherein the combination of at least two materials arranged to have an anisotropic effective magnetic permeability form a 2-dimensionally periodic photonic crystal. 
     
     
       14. The article of  claim 1 , wherein, when the photonic material is exposed to electromagnetic radiation, at least about 75% of the electromagnetic radiation within a range of wavelengths that contacts an incident surface of the photonic material within a range of angles of incidence is transmitted through the photonic material, and at least about 75% of the electromagnetic radiation within the range of wavelengths that contacts the incident surface outside the range of angles of incidence is reflected by the photonic material. 
     
     
       15. The article of  claim 1 , further comprising an energy conversion device configured to produce electricity from electromagnetic radiation received from the photonic material. 
     
     
       16. The article of  claim 15 , wherein the energy conversion device comprises a photovoltaic cell. 
     
     
       17. The article of  claim 16 , wherein the photovoltaic cell comprises a solar photovoltaic cell. 
     
     
       18. The article of  claim 16 , wherein the photovoltaic cell is a thermophotovoltaic cell. 
     
     
       19. The article of  claim 16 , wherein the energy conversion device comprises a heat engine. 
     
     
       20. The article of  claim 1 , wherein the 1-dimensionally periodic photonic crystal is configured to selectively transmit electromagnetic radiation based upon the angle of incidence of the electromagnetic radiation. 
     
     
       21. An article, comprising:
 a plurality of separate layers, including at least a first layer and a second layer disposed over the first layer, wherein:
 the first or second layer has an isotropic dielectric function while the other of the first and second layers has an anisotropic dielectric function; 
 the first and second layers are part of a structure arranged in such a way that a line along a first coordinate direction within the structure passes through multiple layers while lines along second and third orthogonal coordinate directions, each of the second and third orthogonal coordinate directions being orthogonal to the first coordinate direction within the structure, do not pass through multiple layers; and 
 the article is configured to selectively transmit electromagnetic radiation based upon the angle of incidence of the electromagnetic radiation such that at least about 75% of the electromagnetic radiation between 400 nm and 760 nm that contacts an incident surface of the article at an angle of incidence within 5° of the 0° angle normal to the incident surface is not reflected by the article, and at least about 75% of the electromagnetic radiation between 400 nm and 760 nm that contacts the incident surface of the article at an angle of incidence outside 45° of the 0° angle normal to the incident surface is reflected by the article. 
   
     
     
       22. The article of claim 21, wherein the article is configured to selectively transmit electromagnetic radiation based upon the angle of incidence of the electromagnetic radiation such that at least about 75% of the electromagnetic radiation between 400 nm and 760 nm that contacts an incident surface of the article at an angle of incidence within 5° of the 0° angle normal to the incident surface is transmitted by the article, and
 at least about 75% of the electromagnetic radiation between 400 nm and 760 nm that contacts the incident surface of the article at an angle of incidence outside 45° of the 0° angle normal to the incident surface is reflected by the article. 
 
     
     
       23. The article of claim 21, further comprising:
 a third layer disposed over the first layer and the second layer; and   a fourth layer disposed over the first layer, the second layer, and the third layer, wherein:
 the first layer has an isotropic dielectric function, 
 the second layer has an anisotropic dielectric function, 
 the third layer has an isotropic dielectric function, and 
 the fourth layer has an anisotropic dielectric function. 
   
     
     
       24. An article, comprising:
 a plurality of separate layers, including at least a first layer and a second layer disposed over the first layer, wherein:
 the first layer has an isotropic dielectric function; 
 the second layer has an anisotropic dielectric function; and 
 the article is configured to selectively transmit electromagnetic radiation based upon the angle of incidence of the electromagnetic radiation such that at least about 75% of the electromagnetic radiation between 400 nm and 760 nm that contacts an incident surface of the article at an angle of incidence within 5° of the 0° angle normal to the incident surface is not reflected by the article, and at least about 75% of the electromagnetic radiation between 400 nm and 760 nm that contacts the incident surface of the article at an angle of incidence outside 45° of the 0° angle normal to the incident surface is reflected by the article. 
   
     
     
       25. The article of claim 24, wherein the article is configured to selectively transmit electromagnetic radiation based upon the angle of incidence of the electromagnetic radiation such that at least about 75% of the electromagnetic radiation between 400 nm and 760 nm that contacts an incident surface of the article at an angle of incidence within 5° of the 0° angle normal to the incident surface is transmitted by the article, and
 at least about 75% of the electromagnetic radiation between 400 nm and 760 nm that contacts the incident surface of the article at an angle of incidence outside 45° of the 0° angle normal to the incident surface is reflected by the article. 
 
     
     
       26. The article of claim 21, wherein the article comprises a material having a first index of refraction and is configured to be exposed to electromagnetic radiation from a medium having a second index of refraction that is smaller than the first index of refraction. 
     
     
       27. The article of claim 22, wherein the article comprises a material having a first index of refraction and is configured to be exposed to electromagnetic radiation from a medium having a second index of refraction that is smaller than the first index of refraction. 
     
     
       28. The article of claim 21, wherein the article is configured to selectively transmit electromagnetic radiation based upon the angle of incidence of the electromagnetic radiation such that at least about 75% of said electromagnetic radiation that contacts an incident surface of the article at an angle of incidence within 5° of the 0° angle normal to the incident surface is transmitted through the article, and at least about 75% of said electromagnetic radiation that contacts the incident surface of the article at an angle of incidence outside 5° of the 0° angle normal to the incident surface is reflected by the article. 
     
     
       29. The article of claim 26, wherein the article is configured to selectively transmit electromagnetic radiation based upon the angle of incidence of the electromagnetic radiation such that at least about 75% of said electromagnetic radiation that contacts an incident surface of the article at an angle of incidence within 5° of the 0° angle normal to the incident surface is transmitted through the article, and at least about 75% of said electromagnetic radiation that contacts the incident surface of the article at an angle of incidence outside 5° of the 0° angle normal to the incident surface is reflected by the article. 
     
     
       30. The article of claim 24, wherein the article comprises a material having a first index of refraction and is configured to be exposed to electromagnetic radiation from a medium having a second index of refraction that is smaller than the first index of refraction. 
     
     
       31. The article of claim 25, wherein the article comprises a material having a first index of refraction and is configured to be exposed to electromagnetic radiation from a medium having a second index of refraction that is smaller than the first index of refraction. 
     
     
       32. The article of claim 24, wherein the article is configured to selectively transmit electromagnetic radiation based upon the angle of incidence of the electromagnetic radiation such that at least about 75% of said electromagnetic radiation that contacts an incident surface of the article at an angle of incidence within 5° of the 0° angle normal to the incident surface is transmitted through the article, and at least about 75% of said electromagnetic radiation that contacts the incident surface of the article at an angle of incidence outside 5° of the 0° angle normal to the incident surface is reflected by the article. 
     
     
       33. The article of claim 30, wherein the article is configured to selectively transmit electromagnetic radiation based upon the angle of incidence of the electromagnetic radiation such that at least about 75% of said electromagnetic radiation that contacts an incident surface of the article at an angle of incidence within 5° of the 0° angle normal to the incident surface is transmitted through the article, and at least about 75% of said electromagnetic radiation that contacts the incident surface of the article at an angle of incidence outside 5° of the 0° angle normal to the incident surface is reflected by the article.