Pyrazine derivatives and uses thereof in renal monitoring

Abstract

The present invention relates to pyrazine derivatives such as those represented by Formulas I and II below. X 1 to X 4 of the compounds of Formulas I and II may be characterized as electron withdrawing groups. In contrast, Y 1 to Y 4 of the compounds of Formulas I and II may be characterized as electron donating groups. Pyrazine derivatives of the present invention may be utilized in assessing renal function. In particular, an effective amount of a pyrazine derivative of the invention may be administered into a body of a patient. The pyrazine derivative that is in the body may be exposed to visible and/or infrared light to cause spectral energy to emanate from the pyrazine derivative. This emanating spectral energy may be detected and utilized to determine renal function of the patient.

What is claimed is: 
     
       1. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of Formula I, wherein: 
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         each of X 1  and X 2  is independently —CO 2 R 1 , —CONR 2 R 3 , —CO(AA) or —CONH(PS); 
         each of Y 1  and Y 2  is independently —NR 4 R 5  or 
       
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         Z 1  is a single bond, —CR 18 R 19 —, —O—, —NR 20 —, —NCOR 21 —, —S—, —SO—, or —SO 2 —; 
         R 1  is —CH 2 (CHOH) a R 44 , —CH 2 (CHOH) a CO 2 H, —(CHCO 2 H) a CO 2 H, —(CH 2 CH 2 O) c R 49 , —(CH 2 ) a SO 3 H, —(CH 2 ) a SO 3   − , —(CH 2 ) a NHSO 3 H, —(CH 2 ) a NHSO 3   − , —(CH 2 ) a PO 3 H 2 , —(CH 2 ) a PO 3 H − , or —(CH 2 ) a PO 3   = ; 
         each of R 44  and R 49  is independently —H or —CH 3 ; 
         each of R 2  to R 5  and R 18  to R 21  is independently —H, —CH 2 (CHOH) a R 44 , —CH 2 (CHOH) a CO 2 H, —(CHCO 2 H) a CO 2 H, —(CH 2 CH 2 O) c R 49 , —(CH 2 ) a SO 3 H, —(CH 2 ) a SO 3   − , —(CH 2 ) a NHSO 3 H, —(CH 2 ) a NHSO 3   − , —(CH 2 ) a PO 3 H 2 , —(CH 2 ) a PO 3 H − , or —(CH 2 ) a PO 3   = ; 
         each of R 44  and R 49  is independently —H or —CH 3 ; 
         (AA) comprises a single natural or unnatural amino acid or a polypeptide chain comprising two or more natural and/or unnatural amino acids linked together by peptide bonds, and each instance of AA may be the same or different than each other instance;  
         (PS) is a sulfated or non-sulfated polysaccharide chain comprising one or more monosaccharide units connected by glycosidic linkages; and 
         ‘a’ is an integer from 1 to 10, ‘c’ is an integer from 1 to 100, and each of ‘m’ and ‘n’ independently is an integer from 1 to 3. 
       
     
     
       2. The pharmaceutical composition as recited in  claim 1  further comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. 
     
     
       3. The pharmaceutical composition as recited in  claim 2  wherein the pharmaceutically acceptable excipient is chosen from a diluent, preservative, solubilizer, emulsifier, adjuvant, and carrier. 
     
     
       4. The pharmaceutical composition as recited in  claim 2  wherein the pharmaceutical acceptable excipient is phosphate buffered saline. 
     
     
       5. The pharmaceutical composition as recited in  claim 2  wherein the pharmaceutical composition is a liquid. 
     
     
       6. The pharmaceutical composition as recited in claim 1, wherein at least one of X 1  and X 2  is —CONH(PS) or —CO(AA).  
     
     
       7. The pharmaceutical composition as recited in claim 1, wherein both X 1  and X 2  are —CO(AA).  
     
     
       8. The pharmaceutical composition as recited in claim 7, wherein each instance of AA is one or more of D-α-amino acids.  
     
     
       9. The pharmaceutical composition as recited in claim 8, wherein each instance of AA is a single D-α-amino acid.  
     
     
       10. The pharmaceutical composition as recited in claim 8, wherein AA is selected from the group consisting of D-aspartic acid, D-asparagine, D-arginine, D-histidine, D-lysine, D-glutamic acid, D-glutamine, D-serine, and D-homoserine.  
     
     
       11. The pharmaceutical composition as recited in claim 8, wherein AA is selected from the group consisting of D-serine and D-aspartic acid.  
     
     
       12. The pharmaceutical composition as recited in claim 8, wherein AA is D-serine.  
     
     
       13. The pharmaceutical composition as recited in claim 9, wherein AA is D-serine, Y 1  and Y 2  are each —NR 4 R 5  with R 4 =R 5 =H.  
     
     
       14. The pharmaceutical composition as recited in claim 7, wherein each instance of AA is one or more of L-α-amino acids.  
     
     
       15. The pharmaceutical composition as recited in claim 14, wherein each instance of AA is a single L-α-amino acid.  
     
     
       16. The pharmaceutical composition as recited in claim 14, wherein AA is selected from the group consisting of L-aspartic acid, L-asparagine, L-arginine, L-histidine, L-lysine, L-glutamic acid, L-glutamine, L-serine, and L-homoserine.  
     
     
       17. The pharmaceutical composition as recited in claim 14, wherein AA is selected from the group consisting of L-serine and L-aspartic acid.  
     
     
       18. The pharmaceutical composition as recited in claim 14, wherein AA is L-serine.  
     
     
       19. The pharmaceutical composition as recited in claim 15, wherein AA is L-serine, Y 1  and Y 2  are each —NR 4 R 5  with R 4 =R 5 =H.  
     
     
       20. The pharmaceutical composition as recited in claim 4, wherein X 1  and X 2  are —CO(AA), AA is a single D-α-amino acid that is D-serine, Y 1  and Y 2  are each —NR 4 R 5  with R 4 =R 5 =H.  
     
     
       21. The pharmaceutical composition as recited in claim 4, wherein X 1  and X 2  are —CO(AA), AA is a single L-α-amino acid that is L-serine, Y 1  and Y 2  are each —NR 4 R 5  with R 4 =R 5 =H.