USRE47725EActiveUtility

Display apparatus and liquid crystal display device

53
Assignee: CHENG MEI MATERIALS TECH CORPORATIONPriority: Mar 31, 2011Filed: Aug 26, 2016Granted: Nov 12, 2019
Est. expiryMar 31, 2031(~4.7 yrs left)· nominal 20-yr term from priority
Inventors:Wang-Yang LiTing-I Wu
G02F 2201/305G02B 5/0252G02B 5/1819G02B 5/0263G02B 5/1823G02F 1/133504G02F 2001/133562G02F 1/1337G02F 1/1335G02F 1/133562
53
PatentIndex Score
0
Cited by
44
References
80
Claims

Abstract

A display apparatus and a liquid crystal display device are provided. The display apparatus comprises a display device for displaying an image and a diffractive optical element. The diffractive optical element comprises pixel unit regions. Each of the pixel unit regions has a long pixel side and a short pixel side adjacent to each other. The diffractive optical element is disposed on a light emitting side of the display device and comprises first grating regions and second grating regions. The first grating regions have a first diffraction grating. The second grating regions have a second diffraction grating. An azimuth angle of the first diffraction grating is different from an azimuth angle of the second diffraction grating.

Claims

exact text as granted — not AI-modified
What is claimed is: 
     
       1. A display apparatus, comprising:
 a liquid crystal display device comprising:;  
 a backlight module; and 
 a liquid crystal panel comprising a first substrate, a second substrate and a liquid crystal layer, wherein the liquid crystal layer is disposed between the first substrate and the second substrate; 
 a first polarizer disposed on the first substrate display device and having a polarizing direction; 
 a second polarizer disposed between the second substrate and the backlight module, wherein polarizing directions of the first polarizer and the second polarizer have different azimuth angles; and 
 a diffractive optical element disposed on a light emitting side of the first polarizer and having a first diffraction grating and a second diffraction grating, wherein grating directions of the first diffraction grating and the second diffraction grating have different azimuth angles, an included angle from the grating direction of the first diffraction grating to the polarizing direction of the first polarizer is 0±20 degrees, and an included angle from the grating direction of the second diffraction grating to the polarizing direction of the first polarizer is 90±20 degrees. 
 
     
     
       2. The display apparatus according to  claim 1 , wherein an included angle from the grating direction of the first diffraction grating to the polarizing direction of the first polarizer is 0±15 degrees, an included angle from the grating direction of the second diffraction grating to the polarizing direction of the first polarizer is 90±15 degrees. 
     
     
       3. The display apparatus according to  claim 1 , wherein an included angle from the grating direction of the first diffraction grating to the polarizing direction of the first polarizer is 0±10 degrees, an included angle from the grating direction of the second diffraction grating to the polarizing direction of the first polarizer is 90±10 degrees. 
     
     
       4. The display apparatus according to  claim 1 , wherein the diffractive optical element further comprises a third diffraction grating, wherein an azimuth angle of the third diffraction grating is different from the azimuth angles of the first diffraction grating and the second diffraction grating. 
     
     
       5. The display apparatus according to  claim 4 , wherein an included angle from the grating direction of the third diffraction grating to the polarizing direction of the first polarizer is 135±20 degrees. 
     
     
       6. The display apparatus according to  claim 4 , wherein an included angle from the grating direction of the third diffraction grating to the polarizing direction of the first polarizer is 135±15 degrees. 
     
     
       7. The display apparatus according to  claim 4 , wherein an included angle from the grating direction of the first diffraction grating to the polarizing direction of the first polarizer is 0±15 degrees, an included angle from the grating direction of the second diffraction grating to the polarizing direction of the first polarizer is 90±15 degrees, an included angle from the grating direction of the third diffraction grating to the polarizing direction of the first polarizer is 135±15 degrees. 
     
     
       8. The display apparatus according to  claim 1 , wherein an included angle between the polarizing direction of the first polarizer and the polarizing direction of the second polarizer is 90 degrees. 
     
     
       9. The display apparatus according to  claim 1 , wherein the azimuth angle of the polarizing direction of the first polarizer measured from a horizontal axis is 135 degrees. 
     
     
       10. A display apparatus, comprising:
 a liquid crystal display device for displaying an image and comprising: 
 a backlight module; and 
 a liquid crystal panel disposed on the backlight module and comprising: 
 a first substrate; 
 a first alignment film disposed on the first substrate; 
 a second substrate; 
 a second alignment film disposed on the second substrate, wherein aligning directions of the first alignment film and the second alignment film have different azimuth angles; and 
 a liquid crystal layer disposed between the first alignment film and the second alignment film; and 
 a diffractive optical element disposed on a light emitting side of the liquid crystal display device and comprising a first diffraction grating and a second diffraction grating, wherein an azimuth angle of a grating direction of the first diffraction grating is different from an azimuth angle of a grating direction of the second diffraction grating, an included angle from the grating direction of the first diffraction grating to the aligning direction of the first alignment film is 90±20 degrees, an included angle from the grating direction of the second diffraction grating to the aligning direction of the first alignment film is 0±20 degrees. 
 
     
     
       11. The display apparatus according to  claim 10 , wherein an included angle from the grating direction of the first diffraction grating to the aligning direction of the first alignment film is 90±15 degrees, an included angle from the grating direction of the second diffraction grating to the aligning direction of the first alignment film is 0±15 degrees. 
     
     
       12. The display apparatus according to  claim 10 , wherein an included angle from the grating direction of the first diffraction grating to the aligning direction of the first alignment film is 90±10 degrees, an included angle from the grating direction of the second diffraction grating to the aligning direction of the first alignment film is 0±10 degrees. 
     
     
       13. The display apparatus according to  claim 10 , wherein the diffractive optical element further comprises a third diffraction grating, an azimuth angle of the third diffraction grating is different from the azimuth angles of the first diffraction grating and the second diffraction grating. 
     
     
       14. The display apparatus according to  claim 13 , wherein an included angle from the grating direction of the third diffraction grating to the aligning direction of the first alignment film is 45±20 degrees. 
     
     
       15. The display apparatus according to  claim 13 , wherein an included angle from the grating direction of the third diffraction grating to the aligning direction of the first alignment film is 45±15 degrees. 
     
     
       16. The display apparatus according to  claim 13 , wherein an included angle from the grating direction of the first diffraction grating to the aligning direction of the first alignment film is 90±10 degrees, an included angle from the grating direction of the second diffraction grating to the aligning direction of the first alignment film is 0±10 degrees, an included angle from the grating direction of the third diffraction grating to the aligning direction of the first alignment film is 45±10 degrees. 
     
     
       17. The display apparatus according to  claim 10 , wherein an included angle between the aligning direction of the first alignment film and the aligning direction of the second alignment film is 90 degrees. 
     
     
       18. A liquid crystal display device for displaying an image, comprising:
 a liquid crystal panel comprising: 
 a first substrate; 
 a second substrate; and 
 a liquid crystal layer disposed between the first substrate and the second substrate, wherein the liquid crystal layer comprises liquid crystal molecules, at least one of the liquid crystal molecules adjacent to the first substrate has a first liquid crystal tilt direction, at least one of the liquid crystal molecules adjacent to the second substrate has a second liquid crystal tilt direction, an azimuth angle of the first liquid crystal tilt direction is different from an azimuth angle of the second liquid crystal tilt direction; and 
 a diffractive optical element disposed on a light emitting side of the liquid crystal panel and comprising a first diffraction grating and a second diffraction grating, wherein an azimuth angle of a grating direction of the first diffraction grating is different from an azimuth angle of a grating direction of the second diffraction grating, an included angle from the grating direction of the first diffraction grating to the first liquid crystal tilt direction is 90±20 degrees, an included angle from the grating direction of the second diffraction grating to the first liquid crystal tilt direction is 0±20 degrees. 
 
     
     
       19. The display apparatus according to  claim 18 , wherein an included angle from the grating direction of the first diffraction grating to the first liquid crystal tilt direction is 90±15 degrees, an included angle from the grating direction of the second diffraction grating to the first liquid crystal tilt direction is 0±15 degrees. 
     
     
       20. The display apparatus according to  claim 18 , wherein an included angle from the grating direction of the first diffraction grating to the first liquid crystal tilt direction is 90±10 degrees, an included angle from the grating direction of the second diffraction grating to the first liquid crystal tilt direction is 0±10 degrees. 
     
     
       21. The display apparatus according to  claim 18 , wherein the diffractive optical element further comprises a third diffraction grating, an azimuth angle of the third diffraction grating is different from the azimuth angles of the first diffraction grating and the second diffraction grating. 
     
     
       22. The display apparatus according to  claim 21 , wherein included angle from the grating direction of the third diffraction grating to the first liquid crystal tilt direction is 45±20 degrees. 
     
     
       23. The display apparatus according to  claim 21 , wherein an included angle from the grating direction of the third diffraction grating to the first liquid crystal tilt direction is 45±15 degrees. 
     
     
       24. The display apparatus according to  claim 21 , wherein an included angle from the grating direction of the first diffraction grating to the first liquid crystal tilt direction is 90±10 degrees, an included angle from the grating direction of the second diffraction grating to the first liquid crystal tilt direction is 0±10 degrees, an included angle from the grating direction of the third diffraction grating to the first liquid crystal tilt direction is 45±10 degrees. 
     
     
       25. The display apparatus according to  claim 18 , wherein an included angle between the first liquid crystal tilt direction and the second liquid crystal tilt direction is 90 degrees. 
     
     
       26. The display apparatus according to  claim 10 , wherein the azimuth angle of the aligning direction of the first alignment film measured from a horizontal axis is 45 degrees. 
     
     
       27. The display apparatus according to  claim 18 , wherein the azimuth angle of the first liquid crystal tilt direction measured from a horizontal axis is 45 degrees. 
     
     
       28. A display apparatus, comprising:
 a display device for displaying an image; and   a diffractive optical element disposed on a light emitting side of the display device and having a first diffraction grating and a second diffraction grating, wherein grating directions of the first diffraction grating and the second diffraction grating have different azimuth angles, and the first diffraction grating and the second diffraction grating generate an intensity ratio of a total zero order diffraction light to a total non-zero order diffraction light lower than 100.   
     
     
       29. The display apparatus according to claim 28, wherein an area of the first grating regions occupies 17.5%˜94% of an area of the diffractive optical element. 
     
     
       30. The display apparatus according to claim 28, wherein the display device further comprises pixel unit regions, each of the pixel unit regions has a long pixel side and a short pixel side adjacent to each other, and
 a long axis direction of a line constituted by the first grating regions and a long axis direction of a line constituted by the second grating regions are substantially parallel to a direction of the short pixel side,   a long axis direction of a line constituted by the first grating regions and the second grating regions arranged in alternation is substantially parallel to a direction of the long pixel side.   
     
     
       31. The display apparatus according to claim 28, wherein the display device further comprises pixel unit regions, each of the pixel unit regions has a long pixel side and a short pixel side adjacent to each other, and
 in a line constituted by the first grating regions, a period of the first grating regions is smaller than or equal to a length of the short pixel side,   in a line constituted by the second grating regions, a period of the second grating regions is smaller than or equal to a length of the short pixel side.   
     
     
       32. The display apparatus according to claim 28, wherein the display device further comprises pixel unit regions, each of the pixel unit regions has a long pixel side and a short pixel side adjacent to each other, and
 in a line constituted by the first grating regions, a period of the first grating regions is smaller than or equal to a length of the long pixel side,   in a line constituted by the second grating regions, a period of the second grating regions is smaller than or equal to a length of the long pixel side.   
     
     
       33. The display apparatus according to claim 28, wherein the display device further comprises pixel unit regions, each of the pixel unit regions has a long pixel side and a short pixel side adjacent to each other, and
 a long axis of a line constituted by the first grating regions and the second grating regions arranged in alternation and the short pixel side have an included angle θ therebetween, wherein the included angle θ is bigger than 0 degree and smaller than 90 degrees, in the line constituted by the first grating regions and the second grating regions arranged in alternation, a period between the first grating regions and the second grating regions is equal to or smaller than J/cos(θ), wherein J is a length of the short pixel side;   a long axis of a line constituted by the first grating regions and a long axis of a line constituted by the second grating region respectively have included angles 90-θ with the short pixel side, in the line constituted by the first grating regions and the line constituted by the second grating region, a period between the first grating regions and the second grating regions is equal to or smaller than J/cos(90-θ).   
     
     
       34. A display apparatus, comprising:
 a display device for displaying an image; and   a diffractive optical element disposed on a light emitting side of the display device, comprising:   a first diffraction grating, which generates an intensity ratio of a total zero order diffraction light to the light having an emitting direction different from an incident direction by a deflection angle bigger than 15 degrees lower than 100.   
     
     
       35. The display apparatus according to claim 34, further comprising:
 a polarizer disposed between the display device and the diffractive optical element, and an included angle from a first grating direction of the first diffraction grating to a polarizing direction of the polarizer is 0±20 degrees.   
     
     
       36. The display apparatus according to claim 34, further comprising:
 a polarizer disposed between the display device and the diffractive optical element, and an included angle from a first grating direction of the first diffraction grating to a polarizing direction of the polarizer is 135±20 degrees.   
     
     
       37. The display apparatus according to claim 34, further comprising:
 a polarizer disposed between the display device and the diffractive optical element, and an included angle from a first grating direction of the first diffraction grating to a polarizing direction of the polarizer is 45±20 degrees.   
     
     
       38. The display apparatus according to claim 34, further comprising:
 a polarizer disposed between the display device and the diffractive optical element, and an included angle from a first grating direction of the first diffraction grating to a polarizing direction of the polarizer is 90±20 degrees.   
     
     
       39. The display apparatus according to claim 34, wherein the display device comprises:
 a first substrate;   a second substrate;   a liquid crystal layer disposed between the first substrate and the second substrate; and   an alignment film disposed between the first substrate and the liquid crystal layer, wherein an included angle from a first grating direction of the first diffraction grating to a aligning direction of the alignment film is 45±20 degrees.   
     
     
       40. The display apparatus according to claim 34, wherein the display device comprises:
 a first substrate;   a second substrate;   a liquid crystal layer disposed between the first substrate and the second substrate; and   an alignment film disposed between the first substrate and the liquid crystal layer, wherein an included angle from a first grating direction of the first diffraction grating to a aligning direction of the alignment film is 90±20 degrees.   
     
     
       41. The display apparatus according to claim 34, wherein the display device comprises:
 a first substrate;   a second substrate; and   a liquid crystal layer disposed between the first substrate and the second substrate, wherein at least one of the liquid crystal molecules adjacent to the first substrate has a first liquid crystal tilt direction, and an included angle from a first grating direction of the first diffraction grating to the first liquid crystal tilt direction is 45±20 degrees.   
     
     
       42. The display apparatus according to claim 34, wherein the display device comprises:
 a first substrate;   a second substrate; and   a liquid crystal layer disposed between the first substrate and the second substrate, wherein at least one of the liquid crystal molecules adjacent to the first substrate has a first liquid crystal tilt direction, and an included angle from a first grating direction of the first diffraction grating to the first liquid crystal tilt direction is 90±20 degrees.   
     
     
       43. The display apparatus according to claim 34, wherein the diffractive optical element further comprises:
 a second diffraction grating, wherein a first grating direction of the first diffraction grating and a second grating direction of the second diffraction grating are different.   
     
     
       44. The display apparatus according to claim 43, further comprising:
 a polarizer disposed between the display device and the diffractive optical element, and an included angle from the first grating direction of the first diffraction grating to a polarizing direction of the polarizer is 0±20 degrees.   
     
     
       45. The display apparatus according to claim 43, further comprising:
 a polarizer disposed between the display device and the diffractive optical element, and an included angle from the first grating direction of the first diffraction grating to a polarizing direction of the polarizer is 135±20 degrees.   
     
     
       46. The display apparatus according to claim 43, further comprising:
 a polarizer disposed between the display device and the diffractive optical element, and an included angle from the first grating direction of the first diffraction grating to a polarizing direction of the polarizer is 45±20 degrees.   
     
     
       47. The display apparatus according to claim 43, further comprising:
 a polarizer disposed between the display device and the diffractive optical element, and an included angle from the first grating direction of the first diffraction grating to a polarizing direction of the polarizer is 90±20 degrees.   
     
     
       48. The display apparatus according to claim 43, wherein the display device comprises:
 a first substrate;   a second substrate;   a liquid crystal layer disposed between the first substrate and the second substrate; and   an alignment film disposed between the first substrate and the liquid crystal layer, wherein an included angle from the first grating direction of the first diffraction grating to a aligning direction of the alignment film is 45±20 degrees.   
     
     
       49. The display apparatus according to claim 43, wherein the display device comprises:
 a first substrate;   a second substrate;   a liquid crystal layer disposed between the first substrate and the second substrate; and   an alignment film disposed between the first substrate and the liquid crystal layer, wherein an included angle from the first grating direction of the first diffraction grating to a aligning direction of the alignment film is 90±20 degrees.   
     
     
       50. The display apparatus according to claim 43, wherein the display device comprises:
 a first substrate;   a second substrate; and   a liquid crystal layer disposed between the first substrate and the second substrate, wherein at least one of the liquid crystal molecules adjacent to the first substrate has a first liquid crystal tilt direction, and an included angle from the first grating direction of the first diffraction grating to the first liquid crystal tilt direction is 45±20 degrees.   
     
     
       51. The display apparatus according to claim 43, wherein the display device comprises:
 a first substrate;   a second substrate; and   a liquid crystal layer disposed between the first substrate and the second substrate, wherein at least one of the liquid crystal molecules adjacent to the first substrate has a first liquid crystal tilt direction, and an included angle from the first grating direction of the first diffraction grating to the first liquid crystal tilt direction is 90±20 degrees.   
     
     
       52. The display apparatus according to claim 43, wherein the diffractive optical element further comprises:
 a third diffraction grating, wherein the first grating direction of the first diffraction grating, the second grating direction of the second diffraction grating and a third grating direction of the third diffraction grating are different.   
     
     
       53. The display apparatus according to claim 52, further comprising:
 a polarizer disposed between the display device and the diffractive optical element, and an included angle from the first grating direction of the first diffraction grating to a polarizing direction of the polarizer is 0±20 degrees.   
     
     
       54. The display apparatus according to claim 52, further comprising:
 a polarizer disposed between the display device and the diffractive optical element, and an included angle from the first grating direction of the first diffraction grating to a polarizing direction of the polarizer is 135±20 degrees.   
     
     
       55. The display apparatus according to claim 52, further comprising:
 a polarizer disposed between the display device and the diffractive optical element, and an included angle from the first grating direction of the first diffraction grating to a polarizing direction of the polarizer is 45±20 degrees.   
     
     
       56. The display apparatus according to claim 52, further comprising:
 a polarizer disposed between the display device and the diffractive optical element, and an included angle from the first grating direction of the first diffraction grating to a polarizing direction of the polarizer is 90±20 degrees.   
     
     
       57. The display apparatus according to claim 52, wherein the display device comprises:
 a first substrate;   a second substrate;   a liquid crystal layer disposed between the first substrate and the second substrate; and   an alignment film disposed between the first substrate and the liquid crystal layer, wherein an included angle from the first grating direction of the first diffraction grating to a aligning direction of the alignment film is 45±20 degrees.   
     
     
       58. The display apparatus according to claim 52, wherein the display device comprises:
 a first substrate;   a second substrate;   a liquid crystal layer disposed between the first substrate and the second substrate; and   an alignment film disposed between the first substrate and the liquid crystal layer, wherein an included angle from the first grating direction of the first diffraction grating to a aligning direction of the alignment film is 90±20 degrees.   
     
     
       59. The display apparatus according to claim 52, wherein the display device comprises:
 a first substrate;   a second substrate; and   a liquid crystal layer disposed between the first substrate and the second substrate, wherein at least one of the liquid crystal molecules adjacent to the first substrate has a first liquid crystal tilt direction, and an included angle from the first grating direction of the first diffraction grating to the first liquid crystal tilt direction is 45±20 degrees.   
     
     
       60. The display apparatus according to claim 52, wherein the display device comprises:
 a first substrate;   a second substrate; and   a liquid crystal layer disposed between the first substrate and the second substrate, wherein at least one of the liquid crystal molecules adjacent to the first substrate has a first liquid crystal tilt direction, and an included angle from the first grating direction of the first diffraction grating to the first liquid crystal tilt direction is 90±20 degrees.   
     
     
       61. A display apparatus, comprising:
 a display device for displaying an image; and   an optical film disposed on a light emitting side of the display device, wherein the optical film is a stacked structure comprised by:
 a first diffractive optical element, comprising a first diffraction grating, wherein the first diffraction grating generates an intensity ratio of a total zero order diffraction light to the light having an emitting direction different from an incident direction by a deflection angle bigger than 15 degrees lower than 100; and 
 a second diffractive optical element, comprising a second diffraction grating. 
   
     
     
       62. The density apparatus according to  claim 61 , wherein the first diffraction grating generates an intensity ratio of a total zero order diffraction light to the light having an emitting direction different from an incident direction by a deflection angle bigger than  15  degrees lower than  100 . 
     
     
       63. The display apparatus according to claim 61, further comprising:
 a polarizer disposed between the display device and the optical film, and an included angle from a first grating direction of the first diffraction grating to a polarizing direction of the polarizer is 0±20 degrees.   
     
     
       64. The display apparatus according to claim 61, further comprising:
 a polarizer disposed between the display device and the optical film, and an included angle from a first grating direction of the first diffraction grating to a polarizing direction of the polarizer is 135±20 degrees.   
     
     
       65. The display apparatus according to claim 61, further comprising:
 a polarizer disposed between the display device and the optical film, and an included angle from a first grating direction of the first diffraction grating to a polarizing direction of the polarizer is 45±20 degrees.   
     
     
       66. The display apparatus according to claim 61, further comprising:
 a polarizer disposed between the display device and the optical film, and an included angle from a first grating direction of the first diffraction grating to a polarizing direction of the polarizer is 90±20 degrees.   
     
     
       67. The display apparatus according to claim 61, wherein the display device comprises:
 a first substrate;   a second substrate;   a liquid crystal layer disposed between the first substrate and the second substrate; and   an alignment film disposed between the first substrate and the liquid crystal layer, wherein an included angle from a first grating direction of the first diffraction grating to a aligning direction of the alignment film is 45±20 degrees.   
     
     
       68. The display apparatus according to claim 61, wherein the display device comprises:
 a first substrate;   a second substrate;   a liquid crystal layer disposed between the first substrate and the second substrate; and   an alignment film disposed between the first substrate and the liquid crystal layer, wherein an included angle from a first grating direction of the first diffraction grating to a aligning direction of the alignment film is 90±20 degrees.   
     
     
       69. The display apparatus according to claim 61, wherein the display device comprises:
 a first substrate;   a second substrate; and   a liquid crystal layer disposed between the first substrate and the second substrate, wherein at least one of the liquid crystal molecules adjacent to the first substrate has a first liquid crystal tilt direction, and an included angle from a first grating direction of the first diffraction grating to the first liquid crystal tilt direction is 45±20 degrees.   
     
     
       70. The display apparatus according to claim 61, wherein the display device comprises:
 a first substrate;   a second substrate; and   a liquid crystal layer disposed between the first substrate and the second substrate, wherein at least one of the liquid crystal molecules adjacent to the first substrate has a first liquid crystal tilt direction, and an included angle from a first grating direction of the first diffraction grating to the first liquid crystal tilt direction is 90±20 degrees.   
     
     
       71. The display apparatus according to claim 61, wherein the first diffraction grating and the second diffraction grating are overlapping. 
     
     
       72. A display apparatus, comprising:
 a display device for displaying an image; and   a diffractive optical element disposed on a light emitting side of the display device, comprising:
 a first diffraction grating; and 
 a second diffraction grating, wherein the first diffraction grating generates an intensity ratio of a total zero order diffraction light to the light having an emitting direction different from an incident direction by a deflection angle bigger than 15 degrees lower than 100 and the first diffraction grating and the second diffraction grating are overlapping. 
   
     
     
       73. The display apparatus according to claim 72, further comprising:
 a polarizer disposed between the display device and the diffractive optical element, and an included angle from a first grating direction of the first diffraction grating to a polarizing direction of the polarizer is 0±20 degrees.   
     
     
       74. The display apparatus according to claim 72, further comprising:
 a polarizer disposed between the display device and the diffractive optical element, and an included angle from a first grating direction of the first diffraction grating to a polarizing direction of the polarizer is 135±20 degrees.   
     
     
       75. The display apparatus according to claim 72, further comprising:
 a polarizer disposed between the display device and the diffractive optical element, and an included angle from a first grating direction of the first diffraction grating to a polarizing direction of the polarizer is 45±20 degrees.   
     
     
       76. The display apparatus according to claim 72, further comprising:
 a polarizer disposed between the display device and the diffractive optical element, and an included angle from a first grating direction of the first diffraction grating to a polarizing direction of the polarizer is 90±20 degrees.   
     
     
       77. The display apparatus according to claim 72, wherein the display device comprises:
 a first substrate;   a second substrate;   a liquid crystal layer disposed between the first substrate and the second substrate; and   an alignment film disposed between the first substrate and the liquid crystal layer, wherein an included angle from a first grating direction of the first diffraction grating to a aligning direction of the alignment film is 45±20 degrees.   
     
     
       78. The display apparatus according to claim 72, wherein the display device comprises:
 a first substrate;   a second substrate;   a liquid crystal layer disposed between the first substrate and the second substrate; and   an alignment film disposed between the first substrate and the liquid crystal layer, wherein an included angle from a first grating direction of the first diffraction grating to a aligning direction of the alignment film is 90±20 degrees.   
     
     
       79. The display apparatus according to claim 72, wherein the display device comprises:
 a first substrate;   a second substrate; and   a liquid crystal layer disposed between the first substrate and the second substrate, wherein at least one of the liquid crystal molecules adjacent to the first substrate has a first liquid crystal tilt direction, and an included angle from a first grating direction of the first diffraction grating to the first liquid crystal tilt direction is 45±20 degrees.   
     
     
       80. The display apparatus according to claim 72, wherein the display device comprises:
 a first substrate;   a second substrate; and   a liquid crystal layer disposed between the first substrate and the second substrate, wherein at least one of the liquid crystal molecules adjacent to the first substrate has a first liquid crystal tilt direction, and an included angle from a first grating direction of the first diffraction grating to the first liquid crystal tilt direction is 90±20 degrees.

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