X-ray interferometric imaging system

Abstract

An x-ray interferometric imaging system in which the x-ray source comprises a target having a plurality of structured coherent sub-sources of x-rays embedded in a thermally conducting substrate. The system additionally comprises a beam-splitting grating G 1 that establishes a Talbot interference pattern, which may be a π phase-shifting grating, and an x-ray detector to convert two-dimensional x-ray intensities into electronic signals. The system may also comprise a second analyzer grating G 2 that may be placed in front of the detector to form additional interference fringes, a means to translate the second grating G 2 relative to the detector. The system may additionally comprise an antiscattering grid to reduce signals from scattered x-rays. Various configurations of dark-field and bright-field detectors are also disclosed.

We claim: 
     
       1. An x-ray transmission imaging system comprising:
 a source of x-rays comprising:
 a vacuum chamber; 
 an emitter for an electron beam; and 
 an electron target comprising: 
 a substrate comprising a first material and, embedded in the substrate,; and 
 at least a plurality of discrete structures sub-sources embedded in the substrate and comprising a second material selected for its x-ray generating properties, and in which said the plurality of discrete structures; are arranged within a periodic pattern of sub-sources sub-sources arranged in a periodic pattern; 
 
 a stage to position and orient an object to be examined; 
 an x-ray detector comprising a two-dimensional array of x-ray detecting elements, positioned to detect x-rays transmitted through the object to be examined; 
 said x-ray transmission system additionally comprising: 
 a scattering rejection apparatus placed between the position of the object to be examined and the detector, the scattering rejection apparatus comprising:
 a beam-splitting beam splitting x-ray grating comprising periodic structures that form an x-ray phase-shifting grating positioned to diffract x-rays generated by the sub-sources of x-rays so that a Talbot interference pattern is formed by the interaction of the x-rays generated by the source of x-rays with the beam splitting x-ray grating; and 
 ana first antiscattering grid having a periodic array of septa comprising an x-ray absorbing material positioned between the beam splitting x-ray grating and the detectorand, the septa having dimensions and periodicity that correspond to dimensions of the Talbot interference pattern; 
 
 a controller for adjusting the position of the anti-scattering first antiscattering grid relative to the Talbot interference pattern; in which the dimensions and periodicity of the septa of the antiscattering grid are selected to correspond to the dimensions of the Talbot interference pattern, and the septa of the antiscattering grid are positioned such that the septa are aligned with the nodes of the Talbot interference pattern; and 
 a second antiscattering grid positioned between the first antiscattering grid and the detector. 
 
     
     
       2. The x-ray transmission imaging system of  claim 1 , in which
 the x-ray phase shifting grating comprises structures to introduce a phase-shift of approximately π radians for a predetermined x-ray wavelength. 
 
     
     
       3. The x-ray transmission imaging system of  claim 1 , in which
 the x-ray phase shifting grating comprises structures to introduce a phase-shift of approximately π/2 radians for a predetermined x-ray wavelength. 
 
     
     
       4. The x-ray transmission imaging system of  claim 1 , in which the periodic structures of the x-ray phase-shifting grating have a period p 1  related to a dimension a for at least one of the discrete structures sub-sources of the x-ray target by: 
       
         
           
             
               
                 p 
                 1 
               
               < 
               
                 
                   λ 
                   ⁢ 
                   L 
                 
                 / 
                 a 
               
             
           
         
       
       where λ is a predetermined x-ray wavelength, and L is the distance between the target and the beam-splitting beam splitting x-ray grating. 
     
     
       5. The x-ray transmission imaging system of  claim 1 , in which the septa of the first antiscattering grid comprise a high Z material selected from the group consisting of: tin, platinum, gold, tungsten, tantalum, molybdenum, nickel, lead, copper and gadolinium. 
     
     
       6. The x-ray transmission imaging system of  claim 1 , in which the first antiscattering grid additionally comprises a substrate comprising an x-ray transparent material. 
     
     
       7. The x-ray transmission imaging system of  claim 1 , in which
 one or more of the septa have a height that is greater than 5 times the width of the gap between said one or more of the septa and its neighboring septa. 
 
     
     
       8. The x-ray transmission imaging system of  claim 1 , in which the period of the septa of the first antiscattering grid is an integer multiple of the lateral period of the Talbot interference pattern. 
     
     
       9. The x-ray transmission imaging system of  claim 1 , additionally comprising: a wherein the second antiscattering grid comprising comprises an x-ray absorbing material positioned between the first antiscattering grid and the detector. 
     
     
       10. The x-ray transmission imaging system of  claim 1 , in which the contrast of the Talbot interference pattern is greater than 20%. 
     
     
       11. The x-ray transmission imaging system of  claim 1 , in which the plurality of discrete structures are sub-sources is arranged in a two-dimensional periodic pattern of sub-sources. 
     
     
       12. The x-ray transmission imaging system of  claim 11 , in which
 the two-dimensional periodic pattern of sub-sources comprises a mesh pattern. 
 
     
     
       13. The x-ray transmission imaging system of  claim 11 , in which
 the two-dimensional periodic pattern of sub-sources comprises a checkerboard. 
 
     
     
       14. The x-ray transmission imaging system of  claim 11 , in which
 the x-ray phase shifting grating comprises a two-dimensional periodic pattern of phase-shifting structures. 
 
     
     
       15. The x-ray transmission imaging system of  claim 1 , additionally comprising: an analyzer grating having wherein the second antiscattering grid comprises periodic structures of x-ray absorbing material positioned between the antiscattering grid and the detector. 
     
     
       16. The x-ray transmission imaging system of  claim 1 , in which
 the Talbot interference pattern comprises diverging interference fringes.