Vehicular traffic sensor

Abstract

A vehicle traffic sensor for detecting and monitoring vehicular targets is presented. The sensor employs a planar design resulting in a reduced profile sensor. The sensor includes a multi-layer radio frequency board with RF components on one of the sides and both isolation and planar array antennas on the opposing side. The antennas are preferably tapered planar array antennas which include one transmit antenna and one receive antenna. The sensor also includes at least one logic or signal processing board populated with components on a first side and a ground plane on a second side positioned toward the RF componentry of the RF board to form an RF shield. The boards are housed within a housing that is permeable, at least on the side through which the antenna structures propagate.

What is claimed is: 
     
       1. A sensor for monitoring vehicles on a roadway comprising:
 a multi-layer radio frequency circuit board for transmitting modulated radio frequency signals and for receiving reflections of the modulated radio frequency signals from said vehicles on said roadway, said multi-layer radio frequency circuit board having a first side for disposing radio frequency components thereon and a second side having a planar antenna disposed thereon, wherein the radio frequency components include a digital signal generator that digitally generates the modulated radio frequency signals; and 
 at least one signal processing circuit board having a first side for disposing signal processing components thereon and a second side having an electrically conductive ground layer, said second side of said at least one signal processing board oriented in parallel with and facing said multi-layer radio frequency circuit board. 
 
     
     
       2. The sensor, as recited in  claim 1 , wherein said planar antenna comprises a plurality of series-configured loop elements arranged in a tapered array. 
     
     
       3. The sensor, as recited in  claim 2 , wherein said planar antenna comprises at least a pair of tapered arrays. 
     
     
       4. The sensor as recited in  claim 1 , wherein said digital signal generator further comprises
 a direct digital synthesizer for generating a low frequency waveform for a transmitter of said sensor. 
 
     
     
       5. The sensor, as recited in  claim 1 , further comprising:
 an RF absorber assembled between said first side of said radio frequency circuit board having said radio frequency components thereon and said second side of said at least one signal processing board having said electrically conductive ground layer thereon. 
 
     
     
       6. The sensor, as recited in  claim 1 , further comprising a housing for enclosing said multi-layer radio frequency circuit board and said at least one signal processing board therein. 
     
     
       7. The sensor, as recited in  claim 6 , wherein said housing for enclosing said multi-layer radio frequency circuit board and said at least one signal processing board therein is configured as a planar housing surrounding said multi-layer radio frequency circuit board and said at least one signal processing board therein. 
     
     
       8. The sensor, as recited in  claim 7 , wherein said planar housing further comprises a radome integrated into said planar housing and located adjacent to said planar antenna on said radio frequency circuit board. 
     
     
      
       9. An above-ground traffic sensor for detecting vehicles traveling on a roadway, the traffic sensor comprising: 
       
         a radio frequency circuit board including: 
         a transmit portion that includes:
 a digitally generated modulated signal generator that digitally generates a signal that is transmitted by a transmitter towards vehicles traveling on a roadway; and 
 
         a receiver portion that detects a reflected signal from the vehicles traveling on the roadway and that generates a data signal that represents traffic data from the reflected signal. 
       
      
     
     
      
       10. The above-ground traffic sensor, as recited in  claim 9 , wherein said digitally generated modulated signal generator comprises: 
       
         a direct digital synthesizer for generating a low frequency waveform for said transmitter; 
         a phase lock loop coupled to said direct digital synthesizer for tracking said low frequency waveform; and 
         a voltage controlled oscillator coupled to said phase lock loop for generating a modulated transmit signal. 
       
      
     
     
       11. The above-ground traffic sensor, as recited in  claim 9 , wherein said digitally generated modulated signal generator comprises An above-ground traffic sensor for detecting vehicles traveling on a roadway, the traffic sensor comprising:
 a radio frequency circuit board including:
 a transmit portion that includes:   a digitally generated modulated signal generator that digitally generates a signal that is transmitted by a transmitter towards vehicles traveling on a roadway;   a receiver portion that detects a reflected signal from the vehicles traveling on the roadway and that generates a data signal that represents traffic data from the reflected signal;   
 a digitally modulated signal generator for generating a modulated signal; 
 an oscillator for generating an RF tone; and 
 a frequency mixer for mixing said modulated signal and said RF tone to form a signal comprises comprised of sum and difference frequencies. 
 
     
     
      
       12. The above-ground traffic sensor, as recited in  claim 9 , wherein said digitally generated modulated signal generator comprises: 
       
         a direct digital to analog converter for directly generating a modulated signal at RF frequencies. 
       
      
     
     
      
       13. The above-ground traffic sensor, as recited in  claim 9 , wherein said radio frequency circuit board further comprises a planar antenna disposed thereon for transmitting said signal and for receiving reflections of said signal. 
      
     
     
       14. The above-ground traffic sensor, as recited in  claim 13  An above-ground traffic sensor for detecting vehicles traveling on a roadway, the traffic sensor comprising:
 a radio frequency circuit board including:
 a transmit portion that includes: 
 a digitally generated modulated signal generator that digitally generates a signal that is transmitted by a transmitter towards vehicles traveling on a roadway; 
 
 a receiver portion that detects a reflected signal from the vehicles traveling on the roadway and that generates a data signal that represents traffic data from the reflected signal; 
 wherein said radio frequency circuit board further comprises a planar antenna disposed thereon for transmitting said signal and for receiving reflections of said signal, and 
 wherein said planar antenna comprises of a plurality of series-configured loop elements arranged in a tapered array. 
 
     
     
       15. The above-ground traffic sensor, as recited in  claim 14 , An above-ground traffic sensor for detecting vehicles traveling on a roadway, the traffic sensor comprising:
 a radio frequency circuit board including:
 a transmit portion that includes: 
 a digitally generated modulated signal generator that digitally generates a signal that is transmitted by a transmitter towards vehicles traveling on a roadway; and 
 
 a receiver portion that detects a reflected signal from the vehicles traveling on the roadway and that generates a data signal that represents traffic data from the reflected signal; 
 wherein said radio frequency circuit board further comprises a planar antenna disposed thereon for transmitting said signal and for receiving reflections of said signal, 
 wherein said planar antenna comprises a plurality of series-configured loop elements arranged in a tapered array; and 
 wherein said planar antenna comprises at least a pair of said tapered arrays. 
 
     
     
       16. An above-ground traffic sensor for detecting vehicles traveling on a roadway, comprising:
 planar antennas mounted in a planar circuit board for propagating a transmit signal toward vehicles on a roadway and for receiving said transmit signal reflected from said vehicles, wherein the planar antennas further comprises:
 at least one coplanar loop series-fed array antenna on the planar circuit board. 
   
     
     
       17. The above-ground traffic sensor, as recited in  claim 16 , wherein said at least one coplanar loop series-fed antenna comprises:
 a first coplanar loop series-fed array antenna that propagates said transmit signal toward said vehicles on said roadway; and   a second coplanar loop series-fed array antenna that receives said transmit signal reflected from said vehicle.   
     
     
       18. The above-ground traffic sensor, as recited in  claim 17 , An above-ground traffic sensor for detecting vehicles traveling on a roadway, comprising:
 planar antennas mounted in a planar circuit board for propagating a transmit signal toward vehicles on a roadway and for receiving said transmit signal reflected from said vehicles, wherein the planar antennas further comprise: 
 at least one coplanar loop series-fed array antenna on the planar circuit board, wherein said at least one coplanar loop series-fed antenna comprises:
 a first coplanar loop series-fed array antenna that propagates said transmit signal toward said vehicles on said roadway; 
 a second coplanar loop series-fed array antenna that receives said transmit signal reflected from said vehicle; and 
 
 wherein said first coplanar loop series-fed array antenna and said second coplanar loop series-fed array antenna include loop elements arranged in tapered arrays. 
 
     
     
       19. The above-ground traffic sensor, as recited in  claim 17 , An above-ground traffic sensor for detecting vehicles traveling on a roadway, comprising:
 planar antennas mounted in a planar circuit board for propagating a transmit signal toward vehicles on a roadway and for receiving said transmit signal reflected from said vehicles, wherein the planar antennas further comprise: 
 at least one coplanar loop series-fed array antenna on the planar circuit board, wherein said at least one coplanar loop series-fed antenna comprises:
 a first coplanar loop series-fed array antenna that propagates said transmit signal toward said vehicles on said roadway; 
 a second coplanar loop series-fed array antenna that receives said transmit signal reflected from said vehicle; and 
 wherein said at least one coplanar loop series-fed array antenna each comprises at least a pair of tapered arrays. 
 
 
     
     
       20. A radar-based vehicular traffic sensor, comprising:
 a digital signal generator that digitally generates a modulated electromagnetic signal; 
 transmitter electronic components for transmitting the modulated electromagnetic signal at a vehicle on a roadway; 
 receiver electronic components for receiving the modulated electromagnetic signal reflected from the vehicle on the roadway; and 
 at least one planar loop series-fed array antenna for transmission and/or reception of said modulated electromagnetic signal, wherein each at least one planar loop series-fed array antenna includes a plurality of loops, each loop having a height that is different from other loops in the plurality of loops. 
 
     
     
       21. A radar-based vehicular traffic sensor, as recited in  claim 20 , wherein the digital signal generator further comprises one or more of:
 a direct digital synthesizer that generates a modulated electromagnetic signal that sweeps in frequency; and 
 a modulated signal digital generator for generating a modulated electromagnetic signal that is up converted using a frequency mixer. 
 
     
     
      
       22. A sensor for monitoring vehicles on a roadway, the sensor comprising: 
       
         a transmit portion comprising:
 a digital signal generator that digitally generates a modulated signal; and 
 a transmit antenna for transmitting the modulated signal towards vehicles on a roadway; 
 
         a received portion comprising:
 a receive antenna for receiving reflections of the modulated signal from vehicles on the roadway, wherein the reflections of the modulated signal are processed to produce traffic data representing the vehicles on the roadway. 
 
       
      
     
     
      
       23. A sensor as defined in  claim 22 , wherein the transmit antenna and the receive antenna are the same antenna used at different times to either transmit the modulated signal or to receive the reflections of the modulated signal. 
      
     
     
       24. A sensor as defined in  claim 22 , wherein the transmit antenna is a first array of series fed coplanar loop elements and wherein the receive antenna is a second array of series fed coplanar loop elements. 
     
     
      
       25. A sensor as defined in  claim 22 , wherein the digital signal generator further comprises at least one of: 
       
         a direct digital synthesizer that is coupled with a phase locked loop; 
         a modulated signal digital generator and an up-converter; and 
         a direct digital to analog conversion generator that produces the modulate signal. 
       
      
     
     
       26. An above-ground traffic sensor for detecting vehicles traveling on a roadway, comprising:
 planar antennas mounted in a planar circuit board for propagating said a transmit signal toward said vehicles on said a roadway and for receiving said transmit signal reflected from said vehicles, wherein the planar antennas further comprises:
 at least one coplanar loop series-fed array antenna on the planar circuit board, wherein each at least one coplanar loop series-fed array antenna is terminated by a short circuited transmission line. 
 
 
     
     
       27. The above-ground traffic sensor, as recited in  claim 26 , wherein each coplanar loop series-fed array antenna includes a tapered array that includes a plurality of loops, wherein the plurality of loops are configured to generate a radiation pattern with low side lobes. 
     
     
       28. An above-ground traffic sensor for detecting vehicles traveling on a roadway, the traffic sensor comprising:
 a radio frequency circuit board comprising:
 a transmit portion that includes:
 a digitally generated modulated signal generator that digitally generates and digitally modulates a signal that is transmitted by a transmitter towards vehicles traveling on a roadway; 
 
 a single receive portion that detects reflections of the signal from the vehicles traveling on the roadway and that generates, with a digital circuit that is integrated within the single receive portion, a data signal that represents traffic data from the reflected signal; and 
   wherein the traffic data is generated by the digital circuit that processes the reflections of the signal detected by the single receive portion to generate the traffic data about substantially all vehicles on the roadway on a lane-by-lane basis with respect to at least two different lanes on a fixed portion of the roadway and wherein the traffic data is used in traffic control at a controlled signalized intersection.   
     
     
       29. The above-ground traffic sensor, as recited in claim 28, wherein said digitally generated modulated signal generator comprises:
 a direct digital synthesizer for generating a low frequency waveform for said transmitter;   a phase lock loop coupled to said direct digital synthesizer for tracking said low frequency waveform; and   a voltage controlled oscillator coupled to said phase lock loop for generating a modulated transmit signal.   
     
     
       30. The above-ground traffic sensor, as recited in claim 28, wherein said digitally generated modulated signal generator comprises:
 a direct digital to analog converter for directly generating a modulated signal at RF frequencies.   
     
     
       31. The above-ground traffic sensor, as recited in claim 28, wherein said radio frequency circuit board further comprises a planar antenna disposed thereon for transmitting said signal and for receiving the reflections of the signal. 
     
     
       32. The above-ground traffic sensor, as recited in claim 28, wherein the traffic data comprises a volume of vehicles on the roadway. 
     
     
       33. The above-ground traffic sensor, as recited in claim 32, wherein the volume of vehicles on the roadway is determined with respect to a fixed portion of the roadway. 
     
     
       34. The above-ground traffic sensor, as recited in claim 32, wherein the volume of vehicles on the roadway is determined on a lane-by-lane basis with respect to at least two different lanes on a fixed portion of the roadway. 
     
     
       35. The above-ground traffic sensor, as recited in claim 32, wherein the traffic data is generated by the above-ground traffic sensor that is mounted to a fixed object adjacent to the roadway. 
     
     
       36. The above-ground traffic sensor, as recited in claim 28, wherein the traffic data comprises an occupancy of vehicles on the roadway. 
     
     
       37. The above-ground traffic sensor, as recited in claim 36, wherein the occupancy of vehicles on the roadway is determined with respect to a fixed portion of the roadway. 
     
     
       38. The above-ground traffic sensor, as recited in claim 36, wherein the occupancy of vehicles on the roadway is determined on a lane-by-lane basis with respect to at least two different lanes on a fixed portion of the roadway. 
     
     
       39. The above-ground traffic sensor, as recited in claim 36, wherein the traffic data is generated by the above-ground traffic sensor that is mounted to a fixed object adjacent to the roadway. 
     
     
       40. The above-ground traffic sensor, as recited in claim 28, wherein the traffic data comprises a range and speed of substantially all vehicles on the roadway. 
     
     
       41. The above-ground traffic sensor, as recited in claim 40, wherein the range and speed of substantially all vehicles on the roadway is determined with respect to a fixed portion of the roadway. 
     
     
       42. The above-ground traffic sensor, as recited in claim 40, wherein the range and speed of substantially all vehicles on the roadway is determined on a lane-by-lane basis with respect to at least two different lanes on a fixed portion of the roadway. 
     
     
       43. The above-ground traffic sensor, as recited in claim 40, wherein the traffic data is generated by the above-ground traffic sensor that is mounted to a fixed object adjacent to the roadway. 
     
     
       44. The above-ground traffic sensor, as recited in claim 28, wherein the traffic data comprises a dynamic updating of the traffic data for substantially all vehicles on the roadway. 
     
     
       45. The above-ground traffic sensor, as recited in claim 44, wherein the dynamic updating of the traffic data for substantially all vehicles on the roadway is determined with respect to a fixed portion of the roadway. 
     
     
       46. The above-ground traffic sensor, as recited in claim 44, wherein the dynamic updating of the traffic data for substantially all vehicles on the roadway is determined on a lane-by-lane basis with respect to at least two different lanes on a fixed portion of the roadway. 
     
     
       47. The above-ground traffic sensor, as recited in claim 44, wherein the traffic data is generated by the above-ground traffic sensor that is mounted to a fixed object adjacent to the roadway. 
     
     
       48. The above-ground traffic sensor, as recited in claim 28, wherein the traffic data comprises a dynamic updating of a density of vehicles on the roadway. 
     
     
       49. The above-ground traffic sensor, as recited in claim 48, wherein the dynamic updating of a density of vehicles on the roadway is determined with respect to a fixed portion of the roadway. 
     
     
       50. The above-ground traffic sensor, as recited in claim 48, wherein the dynamic updating of a density of vehicles on the roadway is determined on a lane-by-lane basis with respect to at least two different lanes on a fixed portion of the roadway. 
     
     
       51. The above-ground traffic sensor, as recited in claim 48, wherein the traffic data is generated by the above-ground traffic sensor that is mounted to a fixed object adjacent to the roadway. 
     
     
       52. The above-ground traffic sensor, as recited in claim 28, wherein the traffic data comprises a direction of vehicle travel with respect to a fixed portion of the roadway. 
     
     
       53. The above-ground traffic sensor, as recited in claim 28, wherein the traffic sensor is mounted off-perpendicular with respect to the roadway. 
     
     
       54. The above-ground traffic sensor, as recited in claim 28, wherein said radio frequency circuit board comprises a printed circuit board. 
     
     
       55. An above-ground traffic sensor for monitoring vehicles on a roadway, the sensor comprising:
 a transmit portion comprising:
 a digital signal generator that digitally generates a modulated signal; and 
 a transmit antenna for transmitting the modulated signal towards vehicles on a roadway; 
   a receive portion comprising:
 a receive antenna for receiving reflections of the modulated signal from the vehicles on the roadway, wherein the reflections of the modulated signal are processed to produce traffic data representing the vehicles on the roadway; and 
   wherein a digital circuit processes the reflections of the modulated signal to generate the traffic data such that the traffic data includes information separately identifying at least two vehicles that are traveling in adjacent lanes.   
     
     
       56. The above-ground traffic sensor, as recited in claim 55, wherein the traffic data comprises a volume of vehicles on the roadway. 
     
     
       57. The above-ground traffic sensor, as recited in claim 56, wherein the volume of vehicles on the roadway is determined with respect to a fixed portion of the roadway. 
     
     
       58. The above-ground traffic sensor, as recited in claim 56, wherein the volume of vehicles on the roadway is determined on a lane-by-lane basis with respect to at least two different lanes on a fixed portion of the roadway. 
     
     
       59. The above-ground traffic sensor, as recited in claim 56, wherein the traffic data is generated by the above-ground traffic sensor that is mounted to a fixed object adjacent to the roadway. 
     
     
       60. The above-ground traffic sensor, as recited in claim 55, wherein the traffic data comprises an occupancy of vehicles on the roadway. 
     
     
       61. The above-ground traffic sensor, as recited in claim 60, wherein the occupancy of vehicles on the roadway is determined with respect to a fixed portion of the roadway. 
     
     
       62. The above-ground traffic sensor, as recited in claim 60, wherein the occupancy of vehicles on the roadway is determined on a lane-by-lane basis with respect to at least two different lanes on a fixed portion of the roadway. 
     
     
       63. The above-ground traffic sensor, as recited in claim 60, wherein the traffic data is generated by the above-ground traffic sensor that is mounted to a fixed object adjacent to the roadway. 
     
     
       64. The above-ground traffic sensor, as recited in claim 55, wherein the traffic data comprises a range and speed of substantially all vehicles on the roadway. 
     
     
       65. The above-ground traffic sensor, as recited in claim 64, wherein the range and speed of substantially all vehicles on the roadway is determined with respect to a fixed portion of the roadway. 
     
     
       66. The above-ground traffic sensor, as recited in claim 64, wherein the range and speed of substantially all vehicles on the roadway is determined on a lane-by-lane basis with respect to at least two different lanes on a fixed portion of the roadway. 
     
     
       67. The above-ground traffic sensor, as recited in claim 64, wherein the traffic data is generated by the above-ground traffic sensor that is mounted to a fixed object adjacent to the roadway. 
     
     
       68. The above-ground traffic sensor, as recited in claim 55, wherein the traffic data comprises a dynamic updating of the traffic data of substantially all vehicles on the roadway. 
     
     
       69. The above-ground traffic sensor, as recited in claim 68, wherein the dynamic updating of the traffic data of substantially all vehicles on the roadway is determined with respect to a fixed portion of the roadway. 
     
     
       70. The above-ground traffic sensor, as recited in claim 68, wherein the dynamic updating of the traffic data of substantially all vehicles on the roadway is determined on a lane-by-lane basis with respect to at least two different lanes on a fixed portion of the roadway. 
     
     
       71. The above-ground traffic sensor, as recited in claim 68, wherein the traffic data is generated by the above-ground traffic sensor that is mounted to a fixed object adjacent to the roadway. 
     
     
       72. The above-ground traffic sensor, as recited in claim 55, wherein the traffic data comprises a dynamic updating of a density of vehicles on the roadway. 
     
     
       73. The above-ground traffic sensor, as recited in claim 72, wherein the dynamic updating of a density of vehicles on the roadway is determined with respect to a fixed portion of the roadway. 
     
     
       74. The above-ground traffic sensor, as recited in claim 72, wherein the dynamic updating of a density of vehicles on the roadway is determined on a lane-by-lane basis with respect to at least two different lanes on a fixed portion of the roadway. 
     
     
       75. The above-ground traffic sensor, as recited in claim 72, wherein the traffic data is generated by the above-ground traffic sensor that is mounted to a fixed object adjacent to the roadway. 
     
     
       76. The above-ground traffic sensor, as recited in claim 55, wherein the traffic data comprises a direction of vehicle travel with respect to a fixed portion of the roadway. 
     
     
       77. The above-ground traffic sensor, as recited in claim 55, wherein the traffic sensor is mounted off-perpendicular with respect to the roadway. 
     
     
       78. The above-ground traffic sensor, as recited in claim 55, wherein the transmit portion comprises a printed circuit board. 
     
     
       79. An above-ground traffic sensor for detecting vehicles traveling on a fixed portion of a roadway, the traffic sensor comprising:
 a radio frequency circuit board comprising:
 a transmit portion that includes:
 a digitally generated modulated signal generator that digitally generates a signal that is transmitted by a transmitter towards vehicles traveling on the fixed portion of the roadway; 
 
 a receive portion that detects reflections of the signal from the vehicles traveling on the fixed portion of the roadway and a digital circuit that processes the reflected signals and generates a data signal that represents traffic data from the reflected signal, 
 wherein the traffic data represents information about vehicles on a lane-by-lane basis with respect to at least two different, dynamically-defined lanes on the fixed portion of the roadway. 
   
     
     
       80. The above-ground traffic sensor, as recited in claim 79, wherein the traffic data comprises one or more of a volume of vehicles on the fixed portion of the roadway, an occupancy of vehicles on the fixed portion of the roadway, or a range and speed of substantially all vehicles on the fixed portion of the roadway. 
     
     
       81. The above-ground traffic sensor, as recited in claim 80, wherein the traffic data is generated by the above-ground traffic sensor that is mounted to a fixed object adjacent to the fixed portion of the roadway. 
     
     
       82. The above-ground traffic sensor, as recited in claim 80, wherein the signal that is transmitted by the transmitter is transmitted at a known power level across multiple lanes of traffic on the fixed portion of the roadway and the signal is reflected at a reflected power level that is received by the receive portion.