Removal of undesired components from oil compositions

Abstract

The present invention refers to a process for reducing the amount of undesired components in an oil composition, particularly in an oil composition comprising omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. The process of the present invention provides efficient removal of undesired water-soluble (hydrophilic) components and undesired fat-soluble (lipophilic) components from an oil composition in order to obtain a purified concentrate, e.g. a highly purified concentrate enriched in omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids.

What is claimed is: 
     
       1. A process for reducing the amount of undesired components in a marine oil composition, comprising:
 (a) providing a crude marine oil composition comprising undesired hydrophilic components, undesired lipophilic components chosen from environmental pollutants and cholesterol, and free fatty acids,   (b) subjecting the crude marine oil composition to an aqueous fluid processing step, wherein undesired hydrophilic components present in the oil composition are separated from the crude marine oil composition under conditions to obtain a marine oil composition which comprises free fatty acids in an amount which is effective as an internal volatile working fluid, and   (c) subjecting the marine oil composition after step (b) to a stripping processing step in the presence of free fatty acids as an internal volatile working fluid, wherein lipophilic components, particularly undesired lipophilic components, are separated from the marine oil composition together with free fatty acids, wherein the stripping processing step is a short path distillation or molecular distillation.   
     
     
       2. The process of  claim 1 , wherein the hydrophilic components are selected from proteinaceous compounds and optionally other water-soluble components. 
     
     
       3. The process of  claim 1 , where in environmental pollutants comprise polychlorinated biphenyls, brominated flame retardants and/or perfluorinated compounds. 
     
     
       4. The process of  claim 1 , wherein the crude marine oil composition comprises polyunsaturated fatty acids, particularly polyunsaturated omega-3 fatty acids, more particularly EPA and DHA. 
     
     
       5. The process of  claim 1 , wherein the crude marine oil composition comprises fatty acids in the triglyceride and/or phospholipid form. 
     
     
       6. The process of  claim 5 , wherein the crude marine oil composition comprises fatty acids in triglyceride form, in the range of at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 80% or 90% by weight of the crude oil composition. 
     
     
       7. The process of  claim 1 , wherein the aqueous fluid processing step (b) comprises contacting the crude marine oil composition with an aqueous fluid essentially without base. 
     
     
       8. The process of  claim 1 , wherein the aqueous fluid processing step (b) comprises contacting the crude marine oil composition with an aqueous fluid comprising a sub-equimolar amount of base with regard to the molar amount of free fatty acids in the crude marine oil composition, whereby the free fatty acids present in the crude marine oil composition are partially neutralized. 
     
     
       9. The process of  claim 8 , wherein the base is alkaline metal hydroxide. 
     
     
       10. The process of  claim 9 , wherein the base is sodium and/or potassium hydroxide. 
     
     
       11. The process of  claim 1 , wherein after step (b) the amount of free fatty acids in the marine oil composition is from about 0.5% by weight to about 5% by weight, preferably 1-3% by weight, most preferably about 2% by weight. 
     
     
       12. The process of  claim 1 , wherein before step (c) no external volatile working fluid particularly comprising fatty acid esters, fatty acid amides, free fatty acids, hydrocarbons and mixtures thereof is added to the marine oil composition. 
     
     
       13. The process of  claim 1 , wherein in step (c) at least about 75% by weight of free fatty acids are removed. 
     
     
       14. The process of  claim 1 , wherein after step (c) the amount of free fatty acids in the stripped marine oil composition ranges from about 0.2 to about 0.8% by weight. 
     
     
       15. The process of  claim 14 , wherein after step (c) the amount of free fatty acids in the stripped marine oil composition ranges from about 0% to 0.1%, by weight. 
     
     
       16. The process of  claim 1 , further comprising including an enrichment of omega-3 fatty acids. 
     
     
       17. The process of  claim 16 , wherein the omega-3 fatty acids comprise EPA and/or DHA to a content of at least 30% by weight based on the total weight of fatty acids to provide a nutritional additive or to a content of at least 70% by weight based on the total weight of fatty acids to provide a pharmaceutical preparation. 
     
     
       18. The process of  claim 16 , wherein the omega-3 fatty acids comprise EPA and/or DHA to a content of at least 30% by weight based on the total weight of fatty acids to provide a health supplement or a composition for use in clinical nutrition. 
     
     
       19. The process of  claim 16 , wherein the omega-3 fatty acids comprise EPA and/or DHA to a content of at least 30% by weight based on the total weight of fatty acids to provide an animal feed. 
     
     
       20. The process of  claim 19 , wherein the animal feed comprises a fish feed. 
     
     
       21. The process of  claim 1 , further comprising subjecting the marine oil composition after step (c) to at least one of:
 (i) hydrolyzing the marine oil composition to provide free fatty acids,   (ii) esterifying the marine oil composition to provide monoesters,   (iii) subjecting the marine oil composition to urea complexation,   (iv) subjecting the marine oil composition to molecular distillation, and/or   (v) subjecting the marine oil composition to transesterification.   
     
     
       22. A marine oil composition product produced by the process comprising:
 (a) providing a crude marine oil composition comprising undesired hydrophilic components, undesired lipophilic components chosen from environmental pollutants and cholesterol, and free fatty acids,   (b) subjecting the crude marine oil composition to an aqueous fluid processing step, wherein undesired hydrophilic components present in the marine oil composition are separated from the crude marine oil composition under conditions to obtain a marine oil composition which comprises free fatty acids in an amount which is effective as an internal volatile working fluid, and   (c) subjecting the marine oil composition after step (b) to a stripping processing step in the presence of free fatty acids as an internal volatile working fluid, wherein lipophilic components, particularly undesired lipophilic components, are separated from the marine oil composition together with free fatty acids, wherein the oil composition of step (c) is free from an external volatile working fluid, and wherein the stripping processing step is a short path distillation or a molecular distillation.   
     
     
       23. The marine oil composition product of  claim 22 , wherein the undesirable lipophilic components comprise persistent organic pollutants. 
     
     
       24. The marine oil composition product of  claim 23 , wherein the amount of persistent organic pollutants is reduced by at least 90%, or by at least 95%, or by at least 96%-99%, or by at least 99.9%, or by greater than 99.9%. 
     
     
       25. The marine oil composition of  claim 24 , wherein the persistent organic pollutants are selected from the group consisting of polychlorinated dioxins and furans, PCBs, chlorinated pesticides, hexachlorocyclohexanes, and DDTs. 
     
     
       26. A marine oil composition comprising:
 free fatty acids, wherein the free fatty acids are present in an amount which is effective as an internal volatile working fluid; and   undesired lipophilic components, wherein the lipophilic components are chosen from environmental pollutants and cholesterol;   wherein the marine oil composition which is substantially free from undesired hydrophilic components and from an external volatile working fluid.    
     
     
       27. A process for reducing the amount of undesired components in a marine oil composition, comprising:
 (a) providing a crude marine oil composition comprising proteinaceous compounds, environmental pollutants, free fatty acids, and triglycerides, wherein the triglycerides are present in amount from about 50% to about 90% by weight based on the total weight of the crude marine oil composition, and wherein the free fatty acids are present in an amount from about 2.5% to about 7.5% by weight based on the total weight of the crude marine oil composition;   (b) contacting the crude marine oil composition with an aqueous fluid comprising a sub-equimolar amount of base with regard to the molar amount of free fatty acids in the crude marine oil composition under conditions sufficient to separate at least a portion of the proteinaceous compounds from the crude marine oil composition and to partially neutralize the free fatty acids in the crude marine oil composition to yield a marine oil composition, wherein said conditions sufficient comprise a temperature from about 90° C. to about 99° C. followed by drying at about 90° C. to about 99° C., wherein emulsions formed while contacting the crude marine oil composition with the aqueous fluid are broken down by de-emulsifiers until phase separation is observed, wherein the sub-equimolar amount of base is sufficient to reduce free fatty acids in the marine oil composition by about 30% to about 70% by weight based on the total weight of the free fatty acids in the crude marine oil composition, and wherein the amount of free fatty acids in the marine oil composition is effective as an internal volatile working fluid; and   (c) subjecting the marine oil composition after step (b) to a stripping processing step to yield a processed marine oil composition, wherein the amount of environmental pollutants in the processed marine oil composition is less than 5% of the amount of environmental pollutants in the crude marine oil composition, wherein the stripping processing step is a short path distillation or molecular distillation, and wherein no external volatile working fluid comprising fatty acid esters, fatty acid amides, free fatty acids, or hydrocarbons is added to the marine oil composition prior to or during performance of the stripping processing step.   
     
     
       28. The process of claim 27, wherein the base is sodium hydroxide. 
     
     
       29. The process of claim 27, wherein the conditions sufficient in step (b) comprise contacting the crude marine oil with the aqueous fluid composition comprising the sub-equimolar amount of base for about 5 minutes to about 60 minutes. 
     
     
       30. The process of claim 27, wherein the conditions sufficient in step (b) comprise contacting the crude marine oil with the aqueous fluid composition comprising the sub-equimolar amount of base for less than 1 minute. 
     
     
       31. The process of claim 27, wherein the stripping processing step of step (c) is performed at a temperature from about 170° C. to about 220° C. 
     
     
       32. The process of claim 27, wherein the stripping processing step of step (c) is performed at a commercial scale feed rate comprising from about 10 kg marine oil composition per hour*m 2  heating surface to about 200 kg oil/h*m 2  marine oil composition heating surface. 
     
     
       33. The process of claim 32, wherein the commercial scale feed rate is from 50 kg marine oil composition per hour*m 2  heating surface to 100 kg marine oil composition per hour*m 2  heating surface. 
     
     
       34. The process of claim 27, wherein the amount of free fatty acids in the processed marine oil composition is from about 0.1% to about 1.0% by weight based on the total weight of the processed marine oil composition. 
     
     
       35. The process of claim 27, wherein the amount of free fatty acids in the processed marine oil composition is less than 0.1% by weight based on the total weight of the processed marine oil composition. 
     
     
       36. The process of claim 27, wherein the amount of free fatty acids in the marine oil composition after step (b) is from about 1% to about 3% by weight based on the total weight of the marine oil composition. 
     
     
       37. The process of claim 27, wherein the drying at about 90° C. to about 99° C. comprises drying under vacuum and with nitrogen purging. 
     
     
       38. A process for reducing the amount of undesired components in a marine oil composition, comprising:
 (a) providing a crude marine oil composition comprising proteinaceous compounds, environmental pollutants, free fatty acids, and triglycerides, wherein the triglycerides are present in amount from about 50% to about 90% by weight based on the total weight of the crude marine oil composition, and wherein the free fatty acids are present in an amount from about 2.5% to about 7.5% by weight based on the total weight of the crude marine oil composition;   (b) contacting the crude marine oil composition with an aqueous fluid comprising a sub-equimolar amount of base with regard to the molar amount of free fatty acids in the crude marine oil composition under conditions sufficient to separate at least a portion of the proteinaceous compounds from the crude marine oil composition and to partially neutralize the free fatty acids in the crude marine oil composition to yield a marine oil composition, wherein said conditions sufficient comprise a temperature from about 90° C. to about 99° C. followed by drying at about 90° C. to about 99° C., wherein emulsions formed while contacting the crude marine oil composition with the aqueous fluid are broken down by de-emulsifiers until phase separation is observed, wherein the amount of free fatty acids in the marine oil composition is from about 0.5% to about 2% by weight based on the total weight of the marine oil composition, and wherein the amount of free fatty acids in the marine oil composition is effective as an internal volatile working fluid;   (c) subjecting the marine oil composition after step (b) to a stripping processing step to yield a processed marine oil composition, wherein the stripping processing step is a short path distillation or molecular distillation, wherein the stripping processing step is performed at a commercial scale feed rate comprising from about 10 kg marine oil composition per hour*m 2  heating surface to about 200 kg oil/h*m 2  marine oil composition heating surface, wherein the amount of environmental pollutants in the processed marine oil composition is less than the amount of environmental pollutants in the crude marine oil composition, and wherein no external volatile working fluid comprising fatty acid esters, fatty acid amides, free fatty acids, or hydrocarbons is added to the marine oil composition prior to or during performance of the stripping processing step.   
     
     
       39. The process of claim 38, wherein the commercial scale feed rate is from 50 kg marine oil composition per hour*m 2  heating surface to 100 kg marine oil composition per hour*m 2  heating surface. 
     
     
       40. The process of claim 38, wherein the wherein the amount of free fatty acids in the processed marine oil composition is not more than about 0.1% by weight based on the total weight of the processed marine oil composition. 
     
     
       41. The process of claim 38, wherein the stripping processing step of step (c) is performed at a temperature from about 170° C. to about 220° C. 
     
     
       42. The process of claim 38, wherein the base is sodium hydroxide. 
     
     
       43. The process of claim 38, wherein said conditions sufficient in step (b) comprise contacting the crude marine oil with the aqueous fluid composition comprising the sub-equimolar amount of base for about 5 minutes to about 60 minutes. 
     
     
       44. The process of claim 38, wherein said conditions sufficient in step (b) comprise contacting the crude marine oil with the aqueous fluid composition comprising the sub-equimolar amount of base for less than 1 minute. 
     
     
       45. The process of claim 38, wherein the drying at about 90° C. to about 99° C. comprises drying under vacuum and with nitrogen purging.