Electrodeposition baths, systems and methods

Abstract

Electrodeposition baths, systems and methods are provided. In some embodiments, the baths, systems and methods are used to deposit metal alloy coatings.

1 . A electrodeposition bath comprising:
 tungsten and/or molybdenum ionic species;   ionic species of a second metal; and   a brightening agent comprising an alkynyl alkoxy alkane compound.   
     
     
         2 . The bath of  claim 1 , wherein the second metal is nickel. 
     
     
         3 . The bath of  claim 1 , wherein the brightening agent comprises a compound having the formula H—C≡C—[CH 2 ] n —O—[R 1 ], wherein n is an integer between 1 and 100, and R 1  is alkyl or heteroalkyl, optionally substituted. 
     
     
         4 . The bath of  claim 3 , wherein R 1  is an alkyl group, optionally substituted with OH or SO 3 . 
     
     
         5 . The bath of  claim 3 , wherein R 1  comprises a group having the formula (R 2 ) m , wherein R 2  is alkyl or heteroalkyl, optionally substituted, and m is an integer between 3 and 103, such that n is less than or equal to (m−2). 
     
     
         6 . The bath of  claim 3 , wherein n is an integer between 1 and 5. 
     
     
         7 . The bath of  claim 5 , wherein m is an integer between 3 and 7. 
     
     
         8 . The bath of  claim 1 , wherein the brightening agent comprises POPDH. 
     
     
         9 . The bath of  claim 1 , wherein the brightening agent comprises POPS. 
     
     
         10 . The bath of  claim 1 , wherein the bath comprises between 0.05 g/L and 0.15 g/L of the brightening agent. 
     
     
         11 . The bath of  claim 1 , further comprising a secondary brightening agent. 
     
     
         12 . The bath of  claim 11 , wherein the secondary brightening agent comprises a hydroxy alkyne compound. 
     
     
         13 . The bath of  claim 11 , wherein the secondary brightening agent comprises a compound having the formula [R 3 ] x —C≡C—[R 4 ] y , wherein R 3  and R 4  can the be same or different and each is H, alkyl, hydroxyalkyl or amino, optionally substituted, and x and y can the be same or different and each is an integer between 1 and 100. 
     
     
         14 . The bath of  claim 13 , wherein at least one of R 3  or R 4  comprises a hydroxyalkyl group. 
     
     
         15 . The bath of  claim 13 , wherein x and y can be the same or different and are integers between 1-5, and at least one of R 3  and R 4  comprises a hydroxyalkyl group. 
     
     
         16 . The bath of  claim 13 , wherein the bath comprises between 0.02 g/L and 0.1 g/L of a secondary brightening agent. 
     
     
         17 . The bath of  claim 11 , wherein the secondary brightening agent comprises a betain compound. 
     
     
         18 . The bath of  claim 17 , wherein the bath comprises between 0.1 g/L and 10 g/L of a secondary brightening agent. 
     
     
         19 . The bath of  claim 13 , wherein the alkyne is 2-butyne-1,4-diol. 
     
     
         20 . The bath of  claim 1 , further comprising a wetting agent. 
     
     
         21 . The bath of  claim 20 , wherein the wetting agent comprises a sulfopropylated polyalkoxy napthol compound. 
     
     
         22 . The bath of  claim 20 , wherein the wetting agent comprises an anionic, non-ionic, or amphoteric fluorocarbon compound. 
     
     
         23 . The bath of  claim 1 , wherein the pH of the bath is between 7 and 9. 
     
     
         24 . The bath of  claim 1 , further comprising water. 
     
     
         25 . The bath of  claim 1 , further comprising a complexing agent. 
     
     
         26 . An electrodeposition bath comprising:
 tungsten and/or molybdenum ionic species;   ionic species of a second metal; and   a wetting agent comprising a sulfopropylated polyalkoxy napthol compound.   
     
     
         27 . The bath of  claim 26 , wherein the wetting agent has the general formula SO 3 —C 3 H 6 —[O—(R 5 )] z —C 10 H 8 O, wherein R 5  is an alkyl group and z is an integer between 1 and 100. 
     
     
         28 . The bath of  claim 26 , further comprising a brightening agent comprising an alkynyl alkoxy alkane compound. 
     
     
         29 . The bath of  claim 28 , wherein the brightening agent comprises a compound having the formula H—C≡C—[CH 2 ] n —O—[R 1 ], wherein n is an integer between 1 and 100, and R 1  is alkyl or heteroalkyl, optionally substituted. 
     
     
         30 . The bath of  claim 29 , wherein R 1  is an alkyl group, optionally substituted with OH or SO 3 . 
     
     
         31 . The bath of  claim 29 , wherein R 1  comprises a group having the formula (R 2 ) m , wherein R 2  is alkyl or heteroalkyl, optionally substituted, and m is an integer between 3 and 103, such that n is less than or equal to (m−2). 
     
     
         32 . The bath of  claim 29 , wherein n is between 1 and 5. 
     
     
         33 . The bath of  claim 31 , wherein m is between 3 and 7. 
     
     
         34 . An electrodeposition bath comprising:
 tungsten and/or molybdenum ionic species;   ionic species of a second metal; and   a wetting agent comprising an anionic, non-ionic, or amphoteric fluorocarbon compound.   
     
     
         35 . The bath of  claim 34 , wherein the wetting agent has the general formula SO 3 —C 3 H 6 —[O—(R 5 )] z —C 10 H 8 O, wherein R 5  is an alkyl group and z is an integer between 1 and 100. 
     
     
         36 . The bath of  claim 34 , further comprising a brightening agent comprising an alkynyl alkoxy alkane compound. 
     
     
         37 . The bath of  claim 36 , wherein the brightening agent comprises a compound having the formula H—C≡C—[CH 2 ] n —O—[R 1 ], wherein n is an integer between 1 and 100, and R 1  is alkyl or heteroalkyl, optionally substituted. 
     
     
         38 . The bath of  claim 37 , wherein R 1  is an alkyl group, optionally substituted with OH or SO 3 . 
     
     
         39 . The bath of  claim 37 , wherein R 1  comprises a group having the formula (R 2 ) m , wherein R 2  is alkyl or heteroalkyl, optionally substituted, and m is an integer between 3 and 103, such that n is less than or equal to (m−2). 
     
     
         40 . The bath of  claim 37 , wherein n is between 1 and 5. 
     
     
         41 . The bath of  claim 39 , wherein m is between 3 and 7. 
     
     
         42 . A method for electrodepositing a tungsten- and/or molybdenum-based coating, comprising:
 providing an anode, a cathode, an electrodeposition bath associated with the anode and the cathode, and a power supply connected to the anode and the cathode,   the electrodeposition bath comprising tungsten and/or molybdenum ionic species, ionic species of a second metal and a brightening agent comprising an alkynyl alkoxy alkane compound; and   driving the power supply to generate a waveform to electrodeposit a coating on a substrate.   
     
     
         43 . The method of  claim 42 , wherein the waveform comprises at least one forward pulse and at least one reverse pulse. 
     
     
         44 . A method for electrodepositing a tungsten- and/or molybdenum-based coating, comprising:
 providing an anode, a cathode, an electrodeposition bath associated with the anode and the cathode, and a power supply connected to the anode and the cathode,   the electrodeposition bath comprising tungsten and/or molybdenum ionic species, ionic species of a second metal and a wetting agent comprising a sulfopropylated polyalkoxy napthol; and   driving the power supply to generate a waveform to electrodeposit a coating on a substrate.   
     
     
         45 . The method of  claim 44 , wherein the waveform comprises at least one forward pulse and at least one reverse pulse. 
     
     
         46 . A method for electrodepositing a tungsten- and/or molybdenum-based coating, comprising:
 providing an anode, a cathode, an electrodeposition bath associated with the anode and the cathode, and a power supply connected to the anode and the cathode,   the electrodeposition bath comprising tungsten and/or molybdenum ionic species, ionic species of a second metal and a wetting agent comprising an anionic, non-ionic, or amphoteric fluorocarbon compound; and   driving the power supply to generate a waveform to electrodeposit a coating on a substrate.   
     
     
         47 . A method for electrodepositing a tungsten- and/or molybdenum-based coating, comprising:
 providing an anode, a cathode, an electrodeposition bath associated with the anode and the cathode, and a power supply connected to the anode and the cathode,   the electrodeposition bath comprising tungsten and/or molybdenum ionic species, ionic species of a second metal and a brightening agent comprising an alkyne compound; and   driving the power supply to generate a waveform to electrodeposit a coating on a substrate, the waveform comprising at least one forward pulse and at least one reverse pulse.   
     
     
         48 . The method of  claim 47 , wherein the alkyne is a hydroxy alkyne. 
     
     
         49 . The method of  claim 47 , wherein the alkyne is an amino alkyne.