Item/value based risk mitigating transaction authorization

Abstract

Apparatus and methods for risk mitigating transaction authorization are provided. A transaction participant may responds to a request for transaction authorization with “PIN Entry Required,” and restrict signature based transaction authorizations. The risk mitigating transaction authorization may be transmitted for a transaction based on a stock-keeping-unit of an item included in a purchase. The risk mitigating transaction authorization may be transmitted for a transaction based on an amount of the transaction. The risk mitigating transaction authorization may be transmitted for a transaction based on a merchant category code identifier assigned to a merchant and/or a location of a purchase.

What is claimed is: 
     
         1 . A computer that is configured to dynamically select an authorization method for a debit transaction initiated by a customer at a point-of-sale using a payment instrument, the computer comprising:
 a non-transitory computer readable medium having computer readable program code embodied therein; and   a processor configured to execute the computer readable program code;   
       the computer readable program code when executed by the processor:
 requests a stock-keeping-unit (“SKU”) of an item captured by a scanner at the point-of-sale; 
 identifies the payment instrument as a debit card; 
 determines, based on the SKU, a level of risk associated with the debit transaction; 
 selects an authorization method based on the level of risk; 
 transmits the selected authorization method to the point-of-sale; 
 in response to receiving information required by the selected authorization method, associates the debit transaction with a payment guarantee provided by an issuer of the payment instrument; and 
 in response to a failure to receive the information required by the selected authorization method, does not associate the debit transaction with the payment guarantee. 
 
     
     
         2 . The computer of  claim 1 , the selected authorization method comprising computer readable program code that when executed by the processor:
 requires the customer to enter a personal-identification-number linked to the payment instrument to authorize the debit transaction; and   does not allow the customer to sign at the point-of-sale to authorize the debit transaction.   
     
     
         3 . The computer of  claim 1 , the selected authorization method comprising computer readable program code that when executed by the processor requires verification of a relationship between the customer and the payment instrument. 
     
     
         4 . The computer of  claim 3 , the computer readable program code when executed by the processor requires that the verification comprise:
 transmitting, to the issuer of the payment instrument, of a zip code entered by the customer at the point-of-sale; and   determining whether the zip code is associated with the payment instrument.   
     
     
         5 . The computer of  claim 1 , the selected authorization method comprising computer readable program code that when executed by the processor requires verification of a characteristic of the payment instrument. 
     
     
         6 . The computer of  claim 5 , the computer readable program code when executed by the processor requires that the verification comprise:
 transmitting, to the issuer of the payment instrument from the point-of-sale, information displayed on the payment instrument; and   determining whether the information is associated with the payment instrument.   
     
     
         7 . The computer of  claim 1 , the computer readable program code when executed by the processor, in response to a rejection of the selected authorization method, denies the debit transaction. 
     
     
         8 . The computer of  claim 1 , wherein, when the selected authorization method is a first selected authorization method, the computer readable program code when executed by the processor in response to a rejection of the first selected authorization method:
 selects a second authorization method based on the level of risk; and   transmits the second selected authorization method to the point-of-sale.   
     
     
         9 . The computer of  claim 8 , wherein when the payment guarantee is a first payment guarantee, the computer readable program code when executed by the processor, in response to receiving information required by the second selected authorization method, associates a second payment guarantee of the issuer with the debit transaction; 
       wherein an amount guaranteed by the second payment guarantee is less than an amount of the debit transaction. 
     
     
         10 . The computer of  claim 1 , the selected authorization method comprising computer readable program code that when executed by the processor requires:
 capturing, at the point-of-sale, a barcode displayed on a photo identification of the customer; and   transmitting the barcode from the point-of-sale to the issuer of the payment instrument.   
     
     
         11 . The computer of  claim 1 , the selected authorization method comprising computer readable program code that when executed by the processor requires transmitting, from the point-of-sale to the issuer, confirmation that a name displayed on a photo identification of the customer corresponds to a name displayed on the payment instrument. 
     
     
         12 . The computer of  claim 1  the computer readable program code when executed by the processor:
 receives a proposed change to the selected authorization method transmitted to the issuer; and 
 does not register the proposed change as the failure to receive the information required by the selected authorization method. 
 
     
     
         13 . The computer of  claim 12  the computer readable program code when executed by the processor denies the debit transaction when, for a plurality of debit transactions, the proposed change increases an aggregate dollar amount of risk, associated with the SKU and accepted by the issuer, above a threshold dollar amount. 
     
     
         14 . The computer of  claim 13 , wherein the aggregate dollar amount of risk comprises risk that the issuer will receive a threshold number of claims alleging that the threshold number of the plurality of debit transactions associated with the SKU are fraudulent. 
     
     
         15 . The computer of  claim 13 , wherein the aggregate dollar amount of risk comprises a cost of chargebacks submitted to the issuer for the plurality of debit transactions associated with the SKU. 
     
     
         16 . One or more non-transitory computer-readable media storing computer-executable instructions which, when executed by a processor on a computer system, perform a method of dynamically selecting an authorization method for a debit transaction, the method comprising:
 receiving a request from a customer to initiate the debit transaction as payment for a purchase;   determining a fraud investigation risk corresponding to the debit transaction;   in response to determining that the fraud investigation risk exceeds a threshold risk level:
 requiring that the customer enter a personal-identification-number (“PIN”) associated with the payment instrument; 
 only authorizing the debit transaction based on the PIN; and 
   in response to determining that the fraud investigation risk does not exceed the threshold risk level:
 requiring that the customer provide a signature; and 
 authorizing the debit transaction based on the signature. 
   
     
     
         17 . The computer-readable media of  claim 16 , wherein the method is performed within one second from a time the debit transaction is initiated. 
     
     
         18 . The computer-readable media of  claim 16 , the method further comprising, in response to determining that the risk exceeds the threshold risk level, denying the transaction if the PIN is not received. 
     
     
         19 . The computer-readable media of  claim 16 , wherein in the method, the fraud investigation risk comprises a risk of receiving a chargeback of the debit transaction. 
     
     
         20 . The computer-readable media of  claim 16 , wherein when the purchase is a first purchase and the customer a first customer, the method further comprising:
 receiving a request from a second customer to initiate a credit transaction as payment for a second purchase;   requiring that the second customer provide a signature; and   authorizing the credit transaction based on the signature without determining the fraud investigation risk corresponding to the credit transaction.   
     
     
         21 . An article of manufacture comprising a computer usable medium having computer readable program code embodied therein, the code when executed by a processor authorizes a transaction initiated using a payment instrument, the computer readable program code in said article of manufacture when executed by the processor:
 determines whether the transaction is a credit transaction or a debit transaction;   when the transaction is the debit transaction:
 determines whether the debit transaction is associated with a threshold risk of incurring a post-authorization cost; and 
 when the debit transaction is associated with the threshold risk, only authorizes the debit transaction in response to receiving a personal-identification-number associated with the payment instrument; 
   when the transaction is the credit transaction, authorizes the credit transaction in response to receiving:
 a personal-identification-number associated with the payment instrument; or 
 a signature. 
   
     
     
         22 . The article of  claim 21  the computer readable program code in said article of manufacture when executed by the processor denies the debit transaction in response to a failure to receive the personal-identification-number.