Morphologically and size uniform monodisperse particles and their shape-directed self-assembly

Abstract

Monodisperse particles having: a single pure crystalline phase of a rare earth-containing lattice, a uniform three-dimensional size, and a uniform polyhedral morphology are disclosed. Due to their uniform size and shape, the monodisperse particles self assemble into superlattices. The particles may be luminescent particles such as down-converting phosphor particles and up-converting phosphors. The monodisperse particles of the invention have a rare earth-containing lattice which in one embodiment may be an yttrium-containing lattice or in another may be a lanthanide-containing lattice. The monodisperse particles may have different optical properties based on their composition, their size, and/or their morphology (or shape). Also disclosed is a combination of at least two types of monodisperse particles, where each type is a plurality of monodisperse particles having a single pure crystalline phase of a rare earth-containing lattice, a uniform three-dimensional size, and a uniform polyhedral morphology; and where the types of monodisperse particles differ from one another by composition, by size, or by morphology. In a preferred embodiment, the types of monodisperse particles have the same composition but different morphologies. Methods of making and methods of using the monodisperse particles are disclosed.

The claimed invention is: 
     
         1 . A method for treating cancer, comprising the steps of:
 providing a plurality of monodisperse particles, the particles each having:
 a single pure crystalline phase of a rare earth-containing lattice, 
 a uniform three-dimensional size, and 
 a uniform polyhedral morphology; 
   providing a photosensitizer adapted for use in Photodynamic Therapy;   introducing the plurality of monodisperse particles and the photosensitizer to a cancerous tissue or a cancerous cell; and   irradiating the plurality of monodisperse particles with a first wavelength of electromagnetic radiation such that the plurality of monodisperse particles emits a second wavelength of electromagnetic radiation capable of exciting the photosensitizer.   
     
     
         2 . The method of  claim 1 , wherein the plurality of monodisperse particles further comprise a ligand or a polymer bound or physically adsorbed to the particle surface. 
     
     
         3 . The method of  claim 2 , wherein the ligand or the polymer is selected from polyethylene glycol, polyacrylic acid, polyethyleneimines, and mixtures thereof. 
     
     
         4 . The method of  claim 2 , wherein the ligand or the polymer is hydrophilic or lipophilic. 
     
     
         5 . The method of  claim 1 , wherein the largest dimension of the particles ranges from about 1 nm to 1,000 nm. 
     
     
         6 . The method of  claim 1 , wherein at least one dimension of the particles ranges from about 1 um to 250 um. 
     
     
         7 . The method of  claim 1 , wherein the rare earth-containing lattice further comprises at least one lattice modifier. 
     
     
         8 . The method of  claim 7 , wherein the lattice modifier is an alkali metal and/or an alkaline earth metal. 
     
     
         9 . The method of  claim 1 , wherein the particles have crystal symmetries of tetragonal bipyramids, hexagonal prisms, rods, hexagonal plates, ellipsoids, trigonal prisms, or triangular plates. 
     
     
         10 . The method of  claim 1 , wherein the particles are down-converting phosphor particles. 
     
     
         11 . The method of  claim 10 , wherein the down-converting phosphor particles are selected from the group consisting of rare earth element doped oxides, rare earth element doped oxysulfides, rare earth element doped fluorides, sodium gadolinium fluorides doped with other lanthanides, and lanthanide fluorides. 
     
     
         12 . The method of  claim 1 , wherein the particles are up-converting phosphor particles. 
     
     
         13 . The method of  claim 12 , wherein the up-converting phosphors are selected from the group consisting of sodium yttrium fluoride, lanthanum fluoride, lanthanum oxysulfide, rare earth oxysulfide, rare earth oxyfluoride, rare earth oxychloride, yttrium fluoride, yttrium gallate, gadolinium fluoride, barium yttrium fluoride, and gadolinium oxysulfide. 
     
     
         14 . The method of  claim 1 , wherein the particles are crystalline nanoparticles. 
     
     
         15 . The method of  claim 1 , wherein the single pure crystalline phase is a beta-phase. 
     
     
         16 . The method of  claim 1 , wherein the rare earth-containing lattice is an yttrium-containing lattice or a lanthanide-containing lattice. 
     
     
         17 . The method of  claim 16 , wherein the yttrium-containing lattice is selected from YF 3 , LiYF 4 , NaYF 4 , BaYF 3 , BaY 2 F 8 NaYF 4 , KYF 4 , Y 2 O 2 S, and Y 2 O 3 . 
     
     
         18 . The method of  claim 16 , wherein the yttrium-containing lattice further comprises a dopant selected from La, Ce, Pr, Ne, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu, and mixtures thereof. 
     
     
         19 . The method of  claim 16 , wherein the lanthanide-containing lattice is selected from LaF 3 , CeF 3 , PrF 3 , NeF 3 , PmF 3 , SmF 3 , EuF 3 , GdF 3 , TbF 3 , DyF 3 , HoF 3 , ErF 3 , TmF 3 , YbF 3 LuF 3 , NaGdF 3 , Gd 2 OS 2 , LiHoF 4 , LiErF 4 , CeO, SrS, CaS, and GdOCl. 
     
     
         20 . The method of  claim 16 , wherein the lanthanide-containing lattice further comprises a dopant selected from Y, La, Ce, Pr, Ne, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu, and mixtures thereof, with the proviso that the dopant is not also the lattice lanthanide.